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letters from ireland 1649 and 1650 chapman and hall ltd london archived from the original on 14 august 2017 retrieved 6 august 2017 woolrych 1990 p 112 viewed in the context of the german wars that had just ended after thirty years of fighting the massacres at drogheda and wexford shrink to typical casualties of seventeenth century warfare the thirty years war 1618 48 7 500 000 archived 11 march 2011 at the wayback machine r j rummel 11 5m total deaths in the war half democides gardiner 1886 p 345 davis j c 2001 oliver cromwell hodder arnold pp 108 110 isbn 0 340 73118 4 cromwell 1929 p 124 woolrych 1990 p 111 gaunt 2004 p 117 lenihan 2000 p 168 gaunt 2004 p 116 stevenson 1990 p 151 eugene coyle review of cromwell an honourable enemy history ireland archived from the original on 21 february 2001 ó siochrú 2008 pp 83 93 schama simon a history of britain 2000 citations for genocide near genocide and ethnic cleansing axelrod alan 2002 profiles in leadership prentice hall p 122 archived from the original on 10 october 2012 as a leader cromwell was entirely unyielding he was willing to act on his beliefs even if this meant killing the king and perpetrating against the irish something very nearly approaching genocide breton albert ed 1995 nationalism and rationality cambridge university press p 248 oliver cromwell offered irish catholics a choice between genocide and forced mass population transfer ukrainian quarterly ukrainian society of america 1944 therefore we are entitled to accuse the england of oliver cromwell of the genocide of the irish civilian population levene mark 2005 genocide in the age of the nation state vol 2 london i b tauris pp 55 57 isbn 978 1 84511 057 4 archived from the original on 16 december 2008 a sample quote describes the cromwellian campaign and settlement as a conscious attempt to reduce a distinct ethnic population and later the act of settlement of ireland and the parliamentary legislation which succeeded it the following year is the nearest thing on paper in the english and more broadly british domestic record to a programme of state sanctioned and systematic ethnic cleansing of another people the fact that it did not include total genocide in its remit or that it failed to put into practice the vast majority of its proposed expulsions ultimately however says less about the lethal determination of its makers and more about the political structural and financial weakness of the early modern english state lutz james m lutz brenda j 2004 global terrorism london routledge p 193 the draconian laws applied by oliver cromwell in ireland were an early version of ethnic cleansing the catholic irish were to be expelled to the northwestern areas of the island relocation rather than extermination was the goal morrill john s december 2003 rewriting cromwell a case of deafening silences canadian journal of history 38 3 university of toronto press 553 578 doi 10 3138 cjh 38 3 553 archived from the original on 24 june 2015 retrieved 23 june 2015 of course this has never been the irish view of cromwell most irish remember him as the man responsible for the mass slaughter of civilians at drogheda and wexford and as the agent of the greatest episode of ethnic cleansing ever attempted in western europe as within a decade the percentage of land possessed by catholics born in ireland dropped from sixty to twenty in a decade the ownership of two fifths of the land mass was transferred from several thousand irish catholic landowners to british protestants the gap between irish and the english views of the seventeenth century conquest remains unbridgeable and is governed by g k chesterton s mirthless epigram of 1917 that it was a tragic necessity that the irish should remember it but it was far more tragic that the english forgot it norbrook david 2000 writing the english republic poetry rhetoric and politics 1627 1660 cambridge university press in interpreting andrew marvell s contemporarily expressed views on cromwell norbrook says he cromwell laid the foundation for a ruthless programme of resettling the irish catholics which amounted to large scale ethnic cleansing faolain turlough 1983 blood on the harp whitston publishing company p 191 isbn 9780878752751 archived from the original on 19 march 2023 retrieved 15 october 2018 o connell daniel 1828 a collection of speeches spoken by on subjects connected with the catholic question p 317 archived from the original on 19 march 2023 retrieved 15 october 2018 brantlinger patrick 2013 dark vanishings discourse on the extinction of primitive races 1800 1930 cornell university press isbn 9780801468674 archived from the original on 19 march 2023 retrieved 15 october 2018 churchill winston s 1991 1957 a history of the english speaking peoples vol iii the age of revolution new york dodd mead and company p 9 we have seen the many ties which at one time or another have joined the inhabitants of the western islands and even in ireland itself offered a tolerable way of life to protestants and catholics alike upon all of these cromwell s record was a lasting bane by an uncompleted process of terror by an iniquitous land settlement by the virtual proscription of the catholic religion by the bloody deeds already described he cut new gulfs between the nations and the creeds hell or connaught were the terms he thrust upon the native inhabitants and they for their part across three hundred years have used as their keenest expression of hatred the curse of cromwell on you the consequences of cromwell s rule in ireland have distressed and at times distracted english politics down even to the present day to heal them baffled the skill and loyalties of successive generations they became for a time a potent obstacle to the harmony of the english speaking people throughout the world upon all of us there still lies the curse of cromwell cromwell 1929 pp 196 205 1 2 cromwell 1929 p 202 cromwell 1929 p 205 irish times 10 october 2008 ahern says he did not leave cook s office over cromwell the irish times ye banished privateers a final toast for oliver cromwell lyrics genius genius com ye banished privateers a final toast for oliver cromwell lyrics accessed 27 nov 2025 the wolfe tones the men behind the wire lyrics genius genius com the wolfe tones the men behind the wire lyrics accessed 27 nov 2025 the pogues young ned of the hill lyrics genius genius com the pogues young ned of the hill lyrics accessed 27 nov 2025 new model army encyclopaedia britannica retrieved 7 january 2025 1 2 ashley maurice morrill john s oliver cromwell military and political leader britannica retrieved 7 january 2025 oliver cromwell lord protector national army museum royal hospital london sw3 retrieved 7 january 2025 woolrych 1990 pp 117 118 fraser 1973 pp 154 161 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 gaunt 2006 pp 222 223 kenyon ohlmeyer 2000 p 320 hahn harold h ships of the american revolution and their models pp 74 101 naval institute press annapolis maryland 2000 middlebrook louis f history of maritime connecticut during the american revolution 1773 1783 vol 1 oliver cromwell langeonline com the essex institute retrieved 16 november 2017 nmm vessel id 370602 pdf warship histories vol ii national maritime museum archived from the original pdf on 27 september 2013 retrieved 7 april 2018 death of sir richard tangye pdf the new york times 15 october 1906 archived pdf from the original on 25 february 2021 retrieved 5 june 2010 war websites channel4 archived from the original on 10 april 2010 retrieved 5 june 2010 greater manchester photographic memories francis frith archived from the original on 11 january 2012 retrieved 29 july 2011 oliver cromwell public monument and sculpture association archived from the original on 9 february 2012 retrieved 12 january 2012 moss john manchester during the reformation oliver cromwell the english civil wars manchester2002 uk com archived from the original on 23 may 2011 retrieved 29 july 2011 wilton joseph 2 january 1762 oliver cromwell 1599 1658 via victoria albert museum statue of oliver cromwell parliamentary debates hansard 25 april 1899 archived from the original on 20 september 2011 retrieved 29 july 2011 the cromwell statue at westminster icons of england icons org uk archived from the original on 14 march 2009 retrieved 29 july 2011 rose kenneth 1984 king george v new york alfred a knopf pp 160 161 the king also vetoed the name hms pitt as sailors might give the ship a nickname based on its rhyming with a vulgar and ill conditioned word cromwell mark i on war archived from the original on 6 august 2017 retrieved 6 august 2017 national railway museum may 2004 oliver cromwell on the move again press release archived from the original on 18 january 2009 retrieved 13 april 2008 historic england statue of oliver cromwell market hill 1161588 national heritage list for england retrieved 5 february 2016 historic england statue of oliver cromwell bridge street 1139417 national heritage list for england retrieved 18 february 2016 comerford patrick 6 july 2009 is cromwell s head buried in sidney sussex chapel patrick comerford my thoughts on anglicanism theology spirituality history architecture travel poetry and beach walks archived from the original on 26 july 2014 retrieved 16 july 2014 dunphy liz 14 may 2026 world s smallest public statue proposed for cork mosquito linked to death of oliver cromwell irish examiner retrieved 17 may 2026 sources adamson john 1987 the english nobility and the projected settlement of 1647 historical journal 30 3 567 602 doi 10 1017 s0018246x00020896 s2cid 154769885 1990 oliver cromwell and the long parliament in morrill 1990 burch stuart 2003 on stage at the theatre of state the monuments and memorials in parliament square london pdf phd thesis nottingham trent university archived pdf from the original on 18 august 2022 retrieved 18 august 2022 churchill winston s 1956 a history of the english speaking peoples dodd mead company p 314 coward barry 1991 oliver cromwell pearson education isbn 978 0582553859 cromwell oliver 1846 carlyle thomas ed oliver cromwell s letters and speeches with elucidations vol 1 william h colyer 1929 abbott wilbur cortez ed writings and speeches of oliver cromwell vol ii durston christopher 1 february 1998 the fall of cromwell s major generals english historical review vol cxiii pp 18 37 doi 10 1093 ehr cxiii 450 18 issn 0013 8266 subscription required fraser antonia 1973 cromwell our chief of men london weidenfeld and nicolson isbn 0 2977 6556 6 gardiner samuel rawson 1886 history of the great civil war 1642 1649 vol ii longmans green and company gardiner samuel rawson 2004 1901 oliver cromwell kessinger publishing isbn 1 4179 4961 9 retrieved 2 september 2025 gaunt peter 2004 1996 oliver cromwell the british library historic lives paperback ed new york university press isbn 0 8147 3164 3 ol 3305899m 2006 oliver cromwell soldier the military life of a revolutionary at war the journal of military history 70 1 london brassey doi 10 1353 jmh 2006 0028 archived from the original on 2 june 2018 retrieved 18 march 2024 hirst derek 1990 the lord protector 1653 8 in morrill 1990 jendrysik mark 2002 explaining the english revolution hobbes and his contemporaries lexington books isbn 978 0739121818 kenyon john philipps ohlmeyer jane eds 2000 the civil wars a military history of england scotland and ireland 1638 1660 oxford university press isbn 0 19 280278 x lenihan padraig 2000 confederate catholics at war cork university press isbn 1 85918 244 5 2007 consolidating conquest ireland 1603 1727 longman history of ireland routledge isbn 978 0582772175 mcmains h f 2015 the death of oliver cromwell university press of kentucky p 75 isbn 978 0 8131 5910 2 morrill john s ed 1990 oliver cromwell and the english revolution longman isbn 0 582 01675 4 1990b the making of oliver cromwell in morrill 1990 1990c cromwell and his contemporaries in morrill 1990 baker phillip 2008 oliver cromwell the regicide and the sons of zeruiah in smith david lee ed cromwell and the interregnum the essential readings john wiley sons isbn 978 1405143141 noble mark 1784 memoirs of the protectorate house of cromwell deduced from an early period and continued down to the present time vol 2 printed by pearson and rollason ó siochrú micheál 2008 god s executioner oliver cromwell and the conquest of ireland faber and faber isbn 978 0 571 24121 7 roots ivan 1989 speeches of oliver cromwell everyman classics isbn 0 460 01254 1 rutt john towill ed 1828 cromwell s death and funeral order diary of thomas burton esq april 1657 february 1658 vol 2 institute of historical research pp 516 530 archived from the original on 24 september 2011 retrieved 8 november 2011 stevenson david 1990 cromwell scotland and ireland in morrill 1990 woolrych austin 1987 soldiers and statesmen the general council of the army and its debates clarendon press isbn 0 19 822752 3 1990 cromwell as a soldier longman in morrill 1990 worden blair 1985 oliver cromwell and the sin of achan in beales d best g eds history society and the churches cambridge university press isbn 0 521 02189 8 2001 roundhead reputations the english civil wars and the passions of posterity penguin isbn 0 14 100694 3 further reading biography and policies ashley maurice 1969 cromwell excerpts from primary and secondary sources online ashley maurice morrill john s 1999 oliver cromwell encyclopædia britannica online archived from the original on 11 may 2015 retrieved 7 february 2020 bbc staff 3 october 2014 the execution of charles i this sceptred isle the execution of charles i bbc radio 4 archived from the original on 28 june 2008 retrieved 4 november 2007 bennett martyn oliver cromwell 2006 isbn 0 415 31922 6 boyer richard e ed oliver cromwell and the puritan revolt failure of a man or a faith 1966 excerpts from primary and secondary sources online clifford alan 1999 oliver cromwell the lessons and legacy of the protectorate charenton reformed publishing isbn 0 9526716 2 x religious study covington sarah 2022 the devil from over the sea oxford university press isbn 978 0 198 84831 8 feinberg barbara silberdick the political thought of oliver cromwell revolutionary or conservative social research 1968 445 465 online firth c h 1900 oliver cromwell and the rule of the puritans online edition isbn 1 4021 4474 1 classic older biography hill christopher 1970 god s englishman oliver cromwell and the english revolution dial press isbn 0 297 00043 8 online hutton ronald 2021 the making of oliver cromwell yale university press isbn 978 0 300 25745 8 kerlau yann 1989 cromwell perrin france mason james and angela leonard 1998 oliver cromwell longman isbn 0 582 29734 6 morrill john s may 2008 2004 cromwell oliver 1599 1658 oxford dictionary of national biography online ed oxford university press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 6765 subscription wikipedia library access or uk public library membership required paul robert 1958 the lord 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