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o opted to motivate social animals to respond to threats to their inclusion in the group evolution of technology edit exaptation has received increasing attention in innovation and management studies inspired by evolutionary dynamics where it has been proposed as a mechanism that drives the serendipitous expansion of technologies and products in new domains 27 clarification needed in resilience and regional studies edit in resilience and regional studies exaptation has been used to describe the capacity of complex social economic and territorial systems to repurpose existing resources traits or capabilities for new functions in response to external shocks dávid kollár and józsef kollár introduced the term exaptive resilience in their 2020 article the art of shipwrecking the information society and the rise of exaptive resilience contrasting it with adaptive resilience as a response based on the refunctionalization of existing capacities rather than the preservation of predefined functions 28 the concept has also been applied in territorial research including the espon project terra res territorial exaptive resilience along eu eastern borders which examined how border regions mobilize and repurpose existing assets and capabilities in response to crises and structural change 29 in the cognitive science of religion edit in the cognitive science of religion exaptation is used to explain religious behavior and belief as such religion is seen as the byproduct of mental evolution 30 see also edit architectural exaptation practice of repurposing architectural elements atavism reappearance of a genetic trait once thought extinct ecological fitting biological process evolutionary anachronism attributes of living species that arose due to coevolution with other now extinct species neofunctionalization genetic process repurposing using object intended for one purpose in alternative way spandrel biology evolutionary byproduct of some other characteristic vestigiality evolutionary retention of no longer needed structures in living organisms notes edit see jacob 1977 4 and mayr 1982 5 for references jacob 1977 4 sees much of evolution as tinkering that is working with available traits tinkering includes but is not limited to shifts in function references edit bock w j 1959 preadaptation and multiple evolutionary pathways evolution 13 2 194 211 doi 10 2307 2405873 jstor 2405873 hayden eric j ferrada evandro wagner andreas 2 june 2011 cryptic genetic variation promotes rapid evolutionary adaptation in an rna enzyme pdf nature 474 7349 92 95 doi 10 1038 nature10083 pmid 21637259 s2cid 4390213 gould vrba 1982 1 2 jacob f 1977 evolution and tinkering science 196 4295 1161 6 bibcode 1977sci 196 1161j doi 10 1126 science 860134 pmid 860134 mayr ernst 1982 the growth of biological thought diversity evolution and inheritance harvard university press isbn 978 0 674 36445 5 buss david m martie g haselton todd k shackelford et al 1998 adaptations exaptations and spandrels american psychologist 53 may 533 548 http www sscnet ucla edu comm haselton webdocs spandrels html 1 2 eshel i matessi c 1998 canalization genetic assimilation and preadaptation a quantitative genetic model genetics 149 4 2119 2133 doi 10 1093 genetics 149 4 2119 pmc 1460279 pmid 9691063 cite journal cs1 maint multiple names authors list link 1 2 masel joanna march 2006 cryptic genetic variation is enriched for potential adaptations genetics 172 3 1985 1991 doi 10 1534 genetics 105 051649 pmc 1456269 pmid 16387877 rajon e masel j 2011 evolution of molecular error rates and the consequences for evolvability pnas 108 3 1082 1087 bibcode 2011pnas 108 1082r doi 10 1073 pnas 1012918108 pmc 3024668 pmid 21199946 exaptation in human evolution how to test adaptive vs exaptive evolutionary hypotheses colleen farmer 1997 did lungs and the intracardiac shunt evolve to oxygenate the heart in vertebrates paleobiology 23 3 358 372 bibcode 1997pbio 23 358f doi 10 1017 s0094837300019734 jstor 2401109 s2cid 87285937 jaws to ears in the ancestors of mammals uc berkeley retrieved 20 january 2018 pisani d laura l poling l l lyons weiler m and hedges s b 2004 the colonization of land by animals molecular phylogeny and divergence times among arthropods bmc biology 2 1 doi 10 1186 1741 7007 2 1 pmc 333434 pmid 14731304 cite journal cs1 maint multiple names authors list link cowen r 2000 04 14 history of life 3rd ed blackwell science p 126 isbn 978 0 632 04444 3 a latent capacity for evolutionary innovation through exaptation in metabolic systems barve aditya wagner andreas 2013 a latent capacity for evolutionary innovation through exaptation in metabolic systems pdf nature 500 7461 203 206 bibcode 2013natur 500 203b doi 10 1038 nature12301 pmid 23851393 s2cid 4419972 blount zachary d borland christina z lenski richard e 2008 historical contingency and the evolution of a key innovation in an experimental population of escherichia coli proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the united states of america 105 23 7899 7906 bibcode 2008pnas 105 7899b doi 10 1073 pnas 0803151105 issn 1091 6490 pmc 2430337 pmid 18524956 blount zachary d barrick jeffrey e davidson carla j lenski richard e 2012 genomic analysis of a key innovation in an experimental escherichia coli population nature 489 7417 513 518 bibcode 2012natur 489 513b doi 10 1038 nature11514 pmc 3461117 pmid 22992527 brosius jürgen 1991 retroposons seeds of evolution science 251 4995 753 bibcode 1991sci 251 753b doi 10 1126 science 1990437 pmid 1990437 brosius jürgen gould stephen jay 1992 on genomenclature a comprehensive and respectful taxonomy for pseudogenes and other junk dna proc natl acad sci u s a 89 22 10706 10 bibcode 1992pnas 8910706b doi 10 1073 pnas 89 22 10706 pmc 50410 pmid 1279691 okada norihiro 14 july 2010 emergence of mammals by emergency exaptation genes to cells 15 8 801 812 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2443 2010 01429 x pmid 20633052 s2cid 8687487 koonin ev krupovic m 2018 the depths of virus exaptation pdf current opinion in virology 31 1 8 doi 10 1016 j coviro 2018 07 011 pmid 30071360 s2cid 51906158 exaptation a missing term in the science of form the development of complex structures i e evolution of novelties occur either by intensification of an existing function or by a switch in functions darwin 1872 1 2 macdonald g leary m r 2005 why does social exclusion hurt the relationship between social and physical pain psychological bulletin 131 2 202 23 doi 10 1037 0033 2909 131 2 202 pmid 15740417 s2cid 10540325 andriani pierpaolo cattani gino 2016 exaptation as source of creativity innovation and diversity introduction to the special section industrial and corporate change 25 115 131 doi 10 1093 icc dtv053 s2cid 147024001 kollár dávid kollár józsef 2020 the art of shipwrecking the information society and the rise of exaptive resilience dialogue and universalism 30 1 67 84 doi 10 5840 du20203015 kollár dávid miskolczi bernadett masik grzegorz martinaitis gintaras reid julian kollár józsef 2024 territorial exaptive resilience along eu eastern borders terra res final report pdf report luxembourg espon p 61 powell russell clarke steve 2012 09 01 religion as an evolutionary byproduct a critique of the standard model the british journal for the philosophy of science 63 3 457 486 doi 10 1093 bjps axr035 issn 0007 0882 sources edit darwin charles 1859 on the origin and transitions of organic beings with peculiar habits and structure on the origin of species 1st ed london john murray pp 179 186 darwin charles 1872 difficulties of the theory the origin of species 6th ed london john murray pp 138 143 ehrlich paul and marcus feldman 2003 genes and culture what creates our behavioral phenome current anthropology 44 february 87 107 included are comments and a reply gould stephen jay vrba elisabeth s 1982 exaptation a missing term in the science of form pdf paleobiology 8 1 4 15 bibcode 1982pbio 8 4g doi 10 1017 s0094837300004310 jstor 2400563 s2cid 86436132 gould stephen jay 1991 exaptation a crucial tool for an evolutionary psychology journal of social issues 47 3 43 65 doi 10 1111 j 1540 4560 1991 tb01822 x preadaptation merriam webster online dictionary 2009 merriam webster online 22 january 2009 http www merriam webster com dictionary preadaptation v t e branches of biology abiogenesis aerobiology agronomy agrostology anatomy anthropogeny anthropology astrobiology bacteriology biochemistry biogeography biogeology bioinformatics biological engineering biomathematics biomechanics biophysics biosemiotics biostatistics biotechnology botany cell biology cellular microbiology chemical biology chronobiology cognitive biology comparative biology computational biology conservation biology cryobiology cytogenetics dendrology developmental biology ecological genetics ecology embryology epidemiology epigenetics evolutionary biology freshwater biology generative biology genetics genomics geobiology gerontology herpetology histology human biology ichthyology immunology lipidology mammalogy marine biology microbiology molecular biology mycology neontology neuroscience nutrition ornithology osteology paleontology parasitology pathology pharmacology photobiology phycology phylogenetics physiology pomology primatology proteomics protistology quantum biology relational biology reproductive biology sociobiology spatial biology structural biology synthetic biology systematics systems biology taxonomy teratology toxicology virology virophysics welfare biology xenobiology zoology see also history of biology nobel prize in physiology or medicine timeline of biology and organic chemistry v t e evolutionary biology introduction outline timeline of evolution history of life index evolution abiogenesis adaptation adaptive radiation altruism cheating reciprocal baldwin effect cladistics coevolution mutualism common descent convergence divergence earliest known life forms evidence of evolution evolutionary arms race evolutionary pressure exaptation extinction event homology last universal common ancestor macroevolution microevolution mismatch non adaptive radiation origin of life panspermia parallel evolution pleiotropy signalling theory handicap principle speciation species species complex taxonomy tradeoff unit of selection gene centered view of evolution population genetics artificial selection biodiversity evolutionary invasion analysis evolutionarily stable strategy fisher s principle fitness inclusive gene flow kin selection inbreeding avoidance kin recognition parental investment parent offspring conflict mutation neutral evolution genetic drift population natural selection sexual dimorphism sexual selection flowering plants fungi mate choice social selection trivers willard hypothesis variation development canalisation evolutionary developmental biology genetic assimilation inversion modularity phenotypic plasticity of taxa bacteria birds origin brachiopods molluscs cephalopods dinosaurs fish fungi insects butterflies life mammals cats canids wolves dogs hyenas dolphins and whales horses kangaroos primates humans lemurs sea cows plants pollinator mediated reptiles spiders tetrapods viruses of organs cell dna flagella eukaryotes symbiogenesis chromosome endomembrane system mitochondria nucleus plastids in animals eye hair auditory ossicle nervous system brain of processes aging antagonistic pleiotropy death programmed cell death avian flight biological complexity cooperation color vision in primates emotion empathy ethics eusociality immune system metabolism monogamy morality mosaic evolution multicellularity sexual reproduction gamete differentiation sexes life cycles nuclear phases mating types meiosis sex determination red queen hypothesis snake venom tempo and modes deep time gradualism punctuated equilibrium saltationism micromutation macromutation uniformitarianism catastrophism speciation allopatric anagenesis catagenesis cladogenesis cospeciation ecological hybrid non ecological parapatric peripatric reinforcement sympatric history scientific revolution and enlightenment transmutation of species david hume dialogues concerning natural religion erasmus darwin romanticism s contributions charles darwin on the origin of species history of paleontology transitional fossil blending inheritance mendelian inheritance the eclipse of darwinism neo darwinism modern synthesis history of molecular evolution extended evolutionary synthesis philosophy darwinism alternatives catastrophism lamarckism orthogenesis mutationism saltationism structuralism spandrel theistic vitalism teleology in biology teleonomy related biogeography ecological genetics evolutionary medicine group selection cultural evolution cultural group selection dual inheritance theory vicar of bray hypothesis hologenome theory of evolution hybrid missing heritability problem molecular evolution astrobiology phylogenetics tree polymorphism protocell systematics transgenerational epigenetic inheritance category portal v t e evolutionary psychology history evolutionary thought theoretical foundations adaptationism cognitive revolution cognitivism gene selection theory modern synthesis criticism evolutionary processes acquired characteristics adaptations altruism cheating hamiltonian spite reciprocal baldwin effect by products evolutionarily stable strategy exaptation fitness inclusive kin selection inbreeding avoidance kin recognition parental investment parent offspring conflict mismatch natural selection sexual selection costly signaling male female intrasexual competition mate choice sexual dimorphism social selection species typical behavior areas cognition emotion affect display display rules facial expression behavioral modernity cognitive module modularity of mind adaptive unconscious unconscious cognition automatic and controlled processes cognitive specialization computational theory of mind domain generality domain specificity learning dual process theory cognitive tradeoff hypothesis evolution of the brain evolution of nervous systems fight or flight response arachnophobia basophobia ophidiophobia folk biology taxonomy folk psychology theory of mind intelligence flynn effect wason selection task motor control skill multitasking numerical cognition number sense approximate number system parallel individuation system sleep visual perception color vision eye naïve physics culture aesthetics literary criticism musicology anthropology biological crime language origin psychology speech morality moral foundations religion origin social contagion behavioral contagion emotional contagion epidemiology of representations universals development attachment bonding biology affectional maternal paternal bond caregiver deprivation childhood attachment cinderella effect cognitive development education neuronal recycling hypothesis science of reading language acquisition personality development socialization human factors mental health cognitive ergonomics computer mediated communication engineering p...
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