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construed namely that rock refers to the person of peter 105 new eliakim according to the catholic church the pope is also the new eliakim a figure in the old testament of the bible who directed the affairs of the royal court managed the palace staff and handled state affairs isaiah also describes him as having the key to the house of david which symbolizes his authority and power 106 a fresco of eliakim in the sistine chapel vatican city both matthew 16 18 19 and isaiah 22 22 show similarities between eliakim and peter getting keys which symbolize power eliakim gets the power to close and open while peter gets the power to bind and loose according to the book of isaiah eliakim receives the keys and power to close and open i will place the key of the house of david on his shoulder what he opens no one will shut what he shuts no one will open 107 isaiah 22 22 according to the book of matthew peter also gets keys and power to bind and loose i will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven and whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven 108 matthew 16 19 in the books of isaiah 22 3 and matthew 16 18 both eliakim and peter are compared to an object eliakim to a peg a structure that is driven into a wall or other structure to provide support and stability while peter to a rock and i will fasten him like a peg in a secure place and he will become a throne of honor to his father s house 109 isaiah 22 23 in matthew 16 18 peter was compared to a rock and i tell you you are peter and on this rock i will build my church and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it 93 matthew 16 18 election death and resignation election main article papal conclave the delivery of the keys by pietro perugino 1481 the pope was originally chosen by those senior clergymen resident in and near rome in 1059 the electorate was restricted to the cardinals of the holy roman church and the individual votes of all cardinal electors were made equal in 1179 the electors are now limited to those cardinals who have not reached the age of 80 on the day before the death or resignation of a pope 110 the pope does not need to be a cardinal elector nor indeed even a cardinal since the pope is the bishop of rome only one who can be ordained a bishop can be elected which means that any male baptized catholic is eligible the last to be elected when not yet a bishop was gregory xvi in 1831 the last to be elected when not even a priest was leo x in 1513 and the last to be elected when not a cardinal was urban vi in 1378 111 if someone who is not a bishop is elected he must be given episcopal ordination before the election is announced to the people 112 the second council of lyon was convened on 7 may 1274 to regulate the election of the pope it was decreed at this council that the cardinal electors must meet within ten days of the pope s death and that they must remain in seclusion until a pope has been elected this was prompted by the three year sede vacante following the death of clement iv in 1268 by the mid 16th century the electoral process had evolved into its present form allowing for variation in the time between the death of the pope and the meeting of the cardinal electors 113 traditionally the vote was conducted by acclamation by selection by committee or by plenary vote acclamation was the simplest procedure consisting entirely of a voice vote the 1417 conclave in konstanz where pope martin v was elected since 1878 the election of the pope has taken place in the sistine chapel in a sequestered meeting called a conclave so called because the cardinal electors are theoretically locked in cum clave i e with key until they elect a new pope three cardinals are chosen by lot to collect the votes of absent cardinal electors by reason of illness three are chosen by lot to count the votes and three are chosen by lot to review the count of the votes the ballots are distributed and each cardinal elector writes the name of his choice on it and pledges aloud that he is voting for one whom under god i think ought to be elected before folding and depositing his vote on a plate atop a large chalice placed on the altar for the 2005 papal conclave a special urn was used for this purpose instead of a chalice and plate the plate is then used to drop the ballot into the chalice making it difficult for electors to insert multiple ballots before being read the ballots are counted while still folded if the number of ballots does not match the number of electors the ballots are burned unopened and a new vote is held otherwise each ballot is read aloud by the presiding cardinal who pierces the ballot with a needle and thread stringing all the ballots together and tying the ends of the thread to ensure accuracy and honesty balloting continues until someone is elected by a two thirds majority with the promulgation of universi dominici gregis in 1996 a simple majority after a deadlock of twelve days was allowed but this was revoked by pope benedict xvi by motu proprio in 2007 the formal declaration of habemus papam after the election of pope martin v the dean of the college of cardinals then asks two solemn questions of the man who has been elected first he asks do you freely accept your election as supreme pontiff if the pope elect replies with the word accepto his reign begins at that instant in practice any cardinal who intends not to accept will explicitly state this before he receives a sufficient number of votes to become pope 114 115 the dean asks next by what name shall you be called the new pope announces the regnal name he has chosen if the dean of the college himself is elected pope as was the case in the 2005 conclave with the election of pope benedict xvi the vice dean performs this task 116 the new pope is led to the room of tears a dressing room where three sets of white papal vestments immantatio await in three sizes 117 donning the appropriate vestments and reemerging into the sistine chapel the new pope is given the fisherman s ring by the camerlengo of the holy roman church 118 the pope assumes a place of honour as the rest of the cardinals wait in turn to offer their first obedience adoratio and to receive his blessing 119 one of the most prominent aspects of the papal election process is the means by which the results of each round of voting are announced to the world once the ballot papers are counted and bound together they are burned in a special stove erected in the sistine chapel with the smoke escaping through a small chimney visible from saint peter s square the ballots from an unsuccessful vote are burned along with a chemical compound to create black smoke or fumata nera traditionally wet straw was used to produce the black smoke but this was not completely reliable the chemical compound is more reliable than the straw when a vote is successful the ballots are burned alone sending white smoke fumata bianca through the chimney and announcing to the world the election of a new pope 120 starting with the papal conclave of 2005 121 church bells are also rung as a signal that a new pope has been chosen 122 123 a short time later the cardinal protodeacon announces from a balcony over st peter s square the following proclamation annuntio vobis gaudium magnum habemus papam i announce to you a great joy we have a pope he announces the new pope s christian name along with his newly chosen regnal or papal name 124 125 until 1978 the pope s election was followed in a few days by the papal coronation which started with a procession with great pomp and circumstance from the sistine chapel to st peter s basilica with the newly elected pope borne in the sedia gestatoria a carried papal throne after a solemn papal mass the new pope was crowned with the triregnum papal tiara and he gave for the first time as pope the famous blessing urbi et orbi to the city rome and to the world another renowned part of the coronation was the lighting of a bundle of flax at the top of a gilded pole which would flare brightly for a moment and then promptly extinguish as he said sic transit gloria mundi thus passes worldly glory a similar warning against papal hubris made on this occasion was the traditional exclamation annos petri non videbis reminding the newly crowned pope that he would not live to see his rule lasting as long as that of st peter according to tradition peter headed the church for 35 years and has thus far been the longest reigning pope in the history of the catholic church 126 nowadays the newly elected pope celebrates a special mass to inaugurate his papacy with many tens of thousands of catholic laity church clerics and religious and delegations from many nations and other churches across the world in st peter s square for centuries starting from 1378 onwards those elected to the papacy were predominantly italians prior to the election of the polish born john paul ii in 1978 the last non italian was adrian vi of the netherlands elected in 1522 john paul ii was followed by election of the german born benedict xvi who was in turn followed by the argentine francis the first pope from the americas first latin american pope and the first born outside europe since gregory iii 1272 years before 127 128 the most recent election of pope leo xiv formerly cardinal robert prevost continues this new tradition of papal selection from a global pool the current pope was born and lived until his mid 20s in the united states is a citizen by naturalization of peru where he served as an augustinian priest and bishop for approximately 20 years and had by the time of his election spent almost 20 years in italy and the vatican studying and in various church leadership roles death the funeral of pope john paul ii at the vatican in april 2005 presided over by cardinal joseph ratzinger the future pope benedict xvi the current regulations regarding a sede vacante vacant seat literally while the see is vacant were promulgated by pope john paul ii in his 1996 document universi dominici gregis 129 sede vacante is a papal interregnum the period between the death or resignation of a pope and the election of his successor from this term is derived the term sedevacantism which designates a category of dissident catholics who maintain that there is no canonically and legitimately elected pope and that there is therefore a sede vacante 130 during the sede vacante period the college of cardinals is collectively responsible for the government of the church and of the vatican itself under the direction of the camerlengo of the holy roman church canon law specifically forbids the cardinals from introducing any innovation in the government of the church during the vacancy of the holy see any decision that requires the assent of the pope has to wait until the new pope has been elected and accepts office 130 in recent centuries when a pope was judged to have died it was reportedly traditional for the cardinal camerlengo to confirm the death ceremonially by gently tapping the pope s head thrice with a silver hammer calling his birth name each time 131 this was not done on the deaths of popes john paul i 132 and john paul ii 133 the cardinal camerlengo retrieves the ring of the fisherman and cuts it in two in the presence of the cardinals the pope s seals are defaced to keep them from ever being used again and his personal apartment is sealed 134 the body lies in state for several days before being interred in the crypt of a leading church or cathedral all popes who have died in the 20th and 21st centuries have been interred in st peter s basilica with the exception of pope francis as he requested to be interred in the basilica of st mary major a nine day period of mourning novendialis follows the interment 134 resignation main article papal resignation it is highly unusual for a pope to resign 135 the 1983 code of canon law 136 states if it happens that the roman pontiff resigns his office it is required for validity that the resignation is made freely and properly manifested but not that it is accepted by anyone benedict xvi who vacated the holy see on 28 february 2013 was the most recent to do so and the first since gregory xii s resignation in 1415 137 titles styles of the pope reference style his holiness spoken style your holiness religious style holy father posthumous style see here regnal name popes adopt a new name on their accession known as papal name in italian and latin currently after a new pope is elected and accepts the election he is asked by what name shall you be called the new pope chooses the name by which he will be known from that point on 138 the senior cardinal deacon or cardinal protodeacon then appears on the balcony of saint peter s to proclaim the new pope by his birth name and announce his papal name in latin it is customary when referring to popes to translate the regnal name into all local languages for example the current pope bears the papal name papa leo xiv in latin papa leone xiv in italian papa león xiv in spanish pope leo xiv in english etc the pope s regnal name is not his real or legal name which remains unchanged in legal and governmental documents neither is it connected in any way to his real name the current pope was born with the name robert francis prevost official list of titles main article papal titles the official list of titles of the pope in the order in which they are given in the annuario pontificio is bishop of rome vicar of jesus christ successor of the prince of the apostles supreme pontiff of the universal church patriarch of the west primate of italy archbishop and metropolitan of the roman province sovereign of the vatican city state servant of the servants of god 139 the best known title that of pope does not appear in the official list but is commonly used in the titles of documents and appears in abbreviated form in their signatures thus paul vi signed as paulus pp vi sources are divided on the meaning of pp with some asserting that it is merely a reference to papa pope others papa pontifex pope and pontiff and others pastor pastorum shepherd of shepherds 140 141 142 143 144 145 the title pope was from the early 3rd century an honorific designation used for any bishop in the west 20 in the east it was used only for the bishop of alexandria 20 marcellinus d 304 is the first bishop of rome shown in sources to have had the title pope used of him from the 6th century the imperial chancery of constantinople normally reserved this designation for the bishop of rome 20 from the early 6th century it began to be confined in the west to the bishop of rome a practice that was firmly in place by the 11th century 20 in eastern christianity where the title pope is used also of the bishop of alexandria the bishop of rome is often referred to as the pope of rome regardless of whether the speaker or writer is in communion with rome or not 146 vicar of jesus christ vicar of jesus christ vica...
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