Meta tags:
Headings (most frequently used words):
catalase, bacterial, contents, structure, history, function, distribution, among, organisms, clinical, significance, and, application, interactions, methods, for, determining, activity, see, also, references, external, links, molecular, mechanism, cellular, role, identification, test, virulence, acatalasia, gray, hair,
Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (197), #catalase (132), and (103), peroxide (47), doi (43), hydrogen (40), pmid (37), test (36), with (26), from (26), enzyme (26), response (25), activity (24), retrieved (22), edit (22), for (19), 2009 (19), reaction (17), oxygen (17), may (16), journal (16), are (16), human (15), 1016 (15), bibcode (15), mice (15), used (15), this (14), oxidative (14), protein (14), can (14), positive (14), peroxidase (12), also (12), bacterial (11), science (11), use (10), acid (10), culture (10), list (10), hair (10), bacteria (10), isbn (9), archived (9), original (9), stress (9), molecular (9), liver (9), cellular (9), other (9), was (8), enzymes (8), binding (8), biological (8), s2cid (8), species (8), biochemistry (8), catalases (8), that (8), cells (8), search (7), wikipedia (7), clinical (7), regulation (7), information (7), 978 (7), 2017 (7), production (7), pmc (7), one (7), process (7), which (7), optimum (7), view (6), august (6), june (6), biology (6), kinetics (6), structure (6), pdb (6), data (6), cat (6), methods (6), chemistry (6), function (6), into (6), two (6), mechanism (6), organisms (6), structures (6), mouse (6), then (6), ion (6), such (6), not (6), have (6), four (6), contents (5), contact (5), available (5), site (5), page (5), 2026 (5), articles (5), all (5), copper (5), tube (5), medium (5), testing (5), iron (5), amino (5), tests (5), stain (5), molecule (5), entry (5), reference (5), gray (5), first (5), 2016 (5), reactive (5), 2012 (5), lens (5), pdf (5), beetle (5), national (5), 103 (5), but (5), ensembl (5), has (5), infection (5), levels (5), some (5), end (5), negative (5), expression (5), gene (5), over (5), water (5), metabolic (5), toggle (4), growth (4), susceptibility (4), factor (4), biochemical (4), oxidase (4), identification (4), organism (4), blood (4), microbiology (4), glutathione (4), nadph (4), brenda (4), system (4), links (4), aebi (4), vol (4), radicals (4), method (4), research (4), february (4), international (4), tuberculosis (4), 2000 (4), tissue (4), antioxidant (4), pathogen (4), industry (4), presence (4), september (4), 2006 (4), superoxide (4), ethanol (4), oxidation (4), 1126 (4), age (4), free (4), medicine (4), role (4), many (4), oxidoreductase (4), among (4), center (4), pubmed (4), more (4), these (4), acatalasia (4), individuals (4), produce (4), than (4), while (4), main (4), plants (4), damage (4), between (4), iii (4), heme (4), history (4), each (4), chr (4), kidney (4), membrane (4), hide (4), move (4), sidebar (4), about (3), cs1 (3), inactive (3), different (3), wikidata (3), genes (3), chromosome (3), org (3), anaerobic (3), concentration (3), rapid (3), manual (3), techniques (3), cultures (3), family (3), inhibitor (3), active (3), deiodinase (3), fatty (3), peroxidases (3), see (3), intermediates (3), phosphate (3), peroxisomal (3), pdbe (3), structural (3), bank (3), 2013 (3), 2008 (3), madsci (3), external (3), january (3), 1984 (3), vitro (3), enzymology (3), 105 (3), 6727660 (3), 182005 (3), s0076 (3), 6879 (3), 05016 (3), 121 (3), systems (3), distribution (3), its (3), determination (3), determining (3), cite (3), colorimetric (3), murine (3), 2003 (3), graying (3), color (3), omim (3), new (3), university (3), study (3), 1999 (3), general (3), 2002 (3), archaeon (3), long (3), termite (3), bombardier (3), archives (3), biophysics (3), 152 (3), dismutase (3), cell (3), peroxisomes (3), life (3), overexpression (3), mitochondria (3), 2004 (3), 279 (3), show (3), within (3), cyanide (3), 1981 (3), 2007 (3), sumner (3), 284 (3), ligand (3), assay (3), rcsb (3), buffer (3), heart (3), interactions (3), low (3), down (3), include (3), substances (3), normal (3), small (3), however (3), chronic (3), capillary (3), bubbles (3), concentrations (3), when (3), three (3), drop (3), food (3), significance (3), application (3), temperatures (3), animals (3), queens (3), occurs (3), contains (3), very (3), known (3), found (3), nitrogen (3), peroxisome (3), expressing (3), type (3), decomposition (3), does (3), barrel (3), location (3), extracellular (3), bone (3), top (3), identifiers (3), pf00199 (3), ipr011614 (3), tools (3), languages (2), table (2), privacy (2), policy (2), text (2), terms (2), using (2), non (2), wikimedia (2), commons (2), categories (2), maint (2), unsourced (2), statements (2), date (2), short (2), description (2), catalysis (2), index (2), portal (2), inoculation (2), plate (2), diffusion (2), antibiotic (2), point (2), indole (2), camp (2), fungal (2), body (2), media (2), isolation (2), oxidoreductases (2), plot (2), superfamily (2), number (2), activator (2), catalytic (2), coa (2), acyltransferase (2), kinase (2), proteins (2), p04040 (2), uniprot (2), month (2), procedure (2), institute (2), bioinformatics (2), comprehensive (2), ageing (2), 126 (2), beers (2), sizer (2), march (2), 195 (2), measuring (2), breakdown (2), zootaxa (2), 5339 (2), enzymatic (2), góth (2), 1991 (2), simple (2), serum (2), range (2), hdl (2), 8981 (2), 196 (2), clinica (2), chimica (2), acta (2), 1988 (2), link (2), 1955 (2), 305 (2), american (2), review (2), 1021 (2), chemical (2), effects (2), dietary (2), fish (2), oil (2), 1074 (2), jbc (2), regulated (2), abl (2), july (2), h2o2 (2), mediated (2), news (2), longer (2), grow (2), 2022 (2), cause (2), acatalasemia (2), york (2), aid (2), student (2), neutrophil (2), martin (2), streptococcus (2), staphylococci (2), johnson (2), community (2), 424 (2), 1996 (2), textile (2), how (2), worthington (2), 3312 (2), 184 (2), 3305 (2), unique (2), pyrobaculum (2), calidifontis (2), 192 (2), studies (2), efficient (2), lived (2), 9705 (2), sciences (2), spray (2), abb (2), 014 (2), 525 (2), 1099 (2), mic (2), upon (2), methanosarcina (2), barkeri (2), 2001 (2), mitochondrial (2), injury (2), mammals (2), physiology (2), brain (2), alcoholism (2), experimental (2), metabolism (2), 257 (2), resistance (2), targeted (2), 308 (2), related (2), sperm (2), diabetes (2), radical (2), oxidant (2), 1595 (2), erythrocytes (2), october (2), plant (2), april (2), inhibition (2), action (2), 1007 (2), boon (2), downs (2), marcey (2), tutorial (2), beef (2), shelton (2), 1969 (2), sequence (2), bovine (2), 1938 (2), weight (2), crystalline (2), 2256 (2), dounce (2), 1937 (2), 2206 (2), 366 (2), loew (2), 1900 (2), 701 (2), help (2), biotechnology (2), library (2), release (2), ensmusg00000027187 (2), ensg00000121691 (2), references (2), decrease (2), widely (2), after (2), publications (2), discovered (2), molybdate (2), describes (2), reacts (2), shown (2), decline (2), kidneys (2), increased (2), interact (2), associated (2), condition (2), caused (2), lack (2), results (2), lower (2), still (2), present (2), kill (2), converted (2), oxidising (2), like (2), pathogens (2), cgd (2), amount (2), hypochlorous (2), infected (2), before (2), typically (2), macrophages (2), isolate (2), called (2), fungi (2), cepacia (2), serratia (2), coli (2), aspergillus (2), listeria (2), pseudomonas (2), nocardia (2), virulence (2), sample (2), form (2), result (2), above (2), identify (2), citation (2), needed (2), mixture (2), mycobacterium (2), few (2), solution (2), containing (2), removing (2), make (2), various (2), depending (2), their (2), temperature (2), 194 (2), significantly (2), workers (2), times (2), higher (2), dna (2), chamber (2), causing (2), hydroquinones (2), acts (2), rapidly (2), microorganisms (2), aerobic (2), majority (2), high (2), cytosol (2), acetaldehyde (2), atoms (2), organelle (2), wild (2), measured (2), aging (2), furthermore (2), deficiency (2), tissues (2), less (2), catalyze (2), molecules (2), metal (2), lead (2), noncompetitive (2), dimensional (2), according (2), asn148 (2), position (2), second (2), improved (2), his75 (2), rate (2), acids (2), here (2), thénard (2), substance (2), composed (2), loops (2), helices (2), tetramer (2), varies (2), refseq (2), ncbi (2), databases (2), quickgo (2), amigo (2), kappab (2), transcription (2), signaling (2), vitamin (2), development (2), granule (2), lumen (2), space (2), ontology (2), adipose (2), marrow (2), right (2), tubule (2), lobe (2), expressed (2), skin (2), mucosa (2), ortholog (2), start (2), band (2), metacyc (2), kegg (2), expasy (2), pdbsum (2), opm (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), changes (2), read (2), article (2), norsk (2), bahasa (2), subsection (2), log (2), create (2), account (2), donate (2), menu (2), add, topic, mobile, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, code, conduct, legal, safety, contacts, disclaimers, under, additional, apply, you, agree, registered, trademark, profit, organization, foundation, inc, creative, attribution, sharealike, license, rendered, parsoid, last, edited, utc, hidden, errors, hemoproteins, antioxidants, https, php, title, oldid, 1369750040, needle, loop, incubator, biosafety, cabinet, durham, gas, pak, jar, agar, equipment, minimum, inhibitory, mcfarland, standards, etest, disk, beta, lactamase, monospot, strep, care, vitek, sensititre, polymerase, chain, microscan, maldi, tof, phoenix, analytical, profile, automation, rpr, lancefield, grouping, novobiocin, optochin, bacitracin, voges, proskauer, urease, triple, sugar, sulfide, motility, salt, tolerance, reverse, phenylalanine, deaminase, fermentation, glucose, onpg, nitrite, methyl, red, koh, imvic, dnase, coagulase, citrate, bile, solubility, decarboxylase, ala, immunologic, pyr, wet, prep, ziehl, neelsen, india, ink, giemsa, fast, gram, staining, hemolysis, colonial, morphology, basic, viral, wound, urine, throat, sputum, genital, selective, streak, asepsis, ec7, translocases, ec6, ligases, ec5, isomerases, ec4, lyases, ec3, hydrolases, ec2, transferases, ec1, types, michaelis, menten, lineweaver, burk, hanes, woolf, eadie, hofstee, diagram, classification, cooperativity, allosteric, cofactor, limited, promiscuity, oxyanion, hole, triad, peroxiredoxin, iodotyrosine, iodothyronine, thyroid, myeloperoxidase, lactoperoxidase, horseradish, gpx, eosinophil, cytochrome, nadh, disorders, lamp3, lamp2, lamp1, cd68, lamp, pex26, pex19, pex16, pex14, pex13, pex12, pex11g, pex11b, pex11a, pex10, pex7, pex6, pex5, pex3, pex2, pex1, peroxin, slc27a2, transporters, amacr, hsd17b4, phytanoyl, dioxygenase, alkylglycerone, synthase, glyceronephosphate, acetyl, mevalonate, lysosomal, overview, microbeid, com, swiss, peroxibase, database, regnvm, prokaryotae, video, faq, genomic, resources, genage, homo, sapiens, academic, press, 1952, 140, 14938361, s0021, 9258, 50881, 133, spectrophotometric, razygraev, 2023, 176, 261383164, 38221060, 11646, 159, adult, mosquitoes, diptera, culicidae, taxonomic, continuous, trait, suggests, relevance, phylogeny, revision, 151, 2029780, 2437, 123655, 0009, 90067, 1991clcha, 143g, 143, koroliuk, ivanova, maĭorova, tokarev, 2451064, laboratornoe, delo, peizer, widelock, 313, 14350192, 1164, artpd, isaacs, 1922, 1663, ja01429a006, 1922jachs, 1662i, 1662, society, chen, defense, aids, s0271, 5317, 00214, 1287, nutrition, cao, leng, kufe, 29675, 12777400, m301292200, 29667, 278, arg, wood, decker, hartmann, chavan, rokos, spencer, 2075, 16069417, 19237503, 1096, 125435, 0706, 4406, arxiv, 2065, faseb, senile, affects, blunting, methionine, sulfoxide, repair, sciencedaily, why, turns, area, our, bleaches, itself, older, nbc, cure, scientists, find, root, discoloration, www, 614097, bhushan, sochat, kallianos, chavda, zureick, 27th, mcgraw, hill, education, 986222844, oclc, 259, 83762, usmle, step, guide, winterbourn, kettle, hampton, 792, 27050287, 1146, annurev, biochem, 060815, 014442, 2016arbio, 765w, 765, annual, springer, business, 4615, 5303, fisheries, processing, biotechnological, applications, fox, south, carolina, pneumoniae, mesa, college, rollins, maryland, bsci, pathogenic, cook, worsley, compositions, destroying, issued, patent, 5521091, cleaner, clearinghouse, case, 228, hengge, network, 2019, corporation, amo, atomi, imanaka, 12029047, 135111, 1128, bacteriology, manganese, hyperthermophilic, va1, çetinus, öztop, immobilization, chemically, crosslinked, chitosan, beads, 894, s0141, 0229, 00065, 889, microbial, technology, mitsuda, 1956, 165, bulletin, kyoto, tasaki, kobayashi, matsuura, iuchi, e0167412, 28076409, 5226355, 1371, pone, 0167412, 2017ploso, 1267412t, plos, queen, beheshti, mcintosh, 2011, design, nature, biomimetic, explosive, discharge, eisner, aneshansley, 9709, 10449758, 22274, 1073, pnas, 1999pnas, 9705e, proceedings, academy, united, states, america, aiming, photographic, evidence, hansberg, salas, lizana, domínguez, phylogenetic, origin, 180, 22698962, 170, brioukhanov, netrusov, eggen, 1677, 16735730, 28542, 1671, transcriptionally, strictly, bai, cederbaum, 199, 33795198, 11351128, 1159, 000046887, 189, signals, receptors, ilyukha, organs, ecogenesis, 245, 38916410, 1023, 1012663105999, 241, evolutionary, zimatikin, pronko, vasilou, gonzalez, richard, mechanisms, 1505, 16930212, 1111, 1530, 0277, 00181, 1500, lieber, 1997, cirrhosis, 9028626, s0009, 06434, 1997clcha, 59l, srinivasa, rao, yamada, leung, 2644, 12949187, 26478, 2635, 149, major, katb, required, phagocyte, killing, edwardsiella, tarda, alberts, lewis, raff, roberts, walter, 4th, garland, 8153, 3218, schriner, linford, treuting, ogburn, emond, 2005, extension, span, 5730, 1911, 38568666, 15879174, 1106653, 2005sci, 1909s, 1909, selvaratnam, robaire, november, reduces, maintains, 2416413, 27575890, exger, 012, gerontology, nagy, mellitus, 200, 22365890, 005, heit, marshall, singh, charkoftaki, zhao, 27939935, 5513671, freeradbiomed, 011, deletion, promotes, prediabetic, phenotype, xiong, spector, 32812, 15178682, m404800200, 2004jbich, 27932804h, 32804, lacking, develop, normally, differential, sensitivity, gaetani, ferraris, rolfo, mangerini, arena, kirkman, 1599, 8608252, 1182, v87, bloodjournal8741595, predominant, disposal, kertulis, tartar, rathinasabapathi, characterization, reductase, fronds, pteris, ferns, arsenic, exposure, 965, 19574057, plaphy, 009, 2009plpb, 960k, 960, ogura, yamazaki, 1983, steady, state, 408, 6630165, 1093, oxfordjournals, jbchem, a134369, 403, kremer, nonstationary, 839, j150607a021, 1981jphch, 835k, 835, physical, hordyjewska, popiołek, kocot, 2014, 621, 24748564, 4113679, s10534, 9736, 2014biomt, 611h, 611, biometals, faces, treatment, proposed, murthy, reid, sicignano, tanaka, rossmann, 499, 7328661, 0022, 2836, 90254, 1981jmbio, 465m, 465, schroeder, robberson, apell, preliminary, report, 655, 4892021, 0003, 9861, 90441, 653, 131, gralén, 36931581, 17831682, 1938sci, 284s, 367, 17776781, 1937sci, 366s, 702, 17751716, 1625707, jstor, 1900sci, 701l, occurrence, putnam, arvai, bourne, tainer, inhibited, 309, 10656833, 1006, jmbi, 3458, 295, 296, toner, sojka, ellis, bucknell, edu, quantitative, department, technische, universität, braunschweig, incompatibility, book, maehly, chance, 1954, 13193536, 470, 11017, 1002, 9780470110171, ch14, 357, analysis, goodsell, chelikani, fita, loewen, 208, 4411482, 14745498, 11138816, 10261, 111097, s00018, 003, 3206, diversity, properties, grcm38, grch38, direct, measurement, 1870, schoenn, formation, yellow, interaction, middle, 20th, century, began, unreacted, became, korolyuk, goth, paper, latter, based, since, ammonium, mops, appropriate, been, causes, lungs, conversely, leukemia, virus, abl2, play, naturally, produced, broken, accumulate, follicles, buildup, old, interferes, pigment, gives, melanin, homozygous, mutations, resulting, symptoms, mild, oral, ulcers, heterozygous, mutation, generates, via, phagocytic, impaired, due, defective, will, eradicate, destroy, excess, survives, becomes, surrounded, attempt, wall, surrounding, better, producers, others, pylori, staphylococcus, candida, granuloma, granulomatous, disease, phagocytosed, phagosome, phagocytes, neutrophils, collected, without, blocking, avoid, opposite, dipped, drawn, through, turned, upside, points, downwards, hand, holding, tapped, bench, moving, until, touches, indicates, detect, false, tubes, alone, cannot, particular, combined, depends, both, spp, enterococcus, produces, froth, said, rhodococcus, equi, cryptococcus, salmonella, proteus, yersinia, shigella, klebsiella, enterobacter, citrobacter, enterobacteriaceae, burkholderia, corynebacterium, diphtheriae, micrococci, microbiologists, possess, observed, added, done, placing, applicator, stick, touched, colony, tip, smeared, onto, microscope, slide, minor, hygiene, cleaning, products, decompose, again, disinfect, prior, another, wrappers, where, prevents, fabrics, sure, material, oxidizing, cheese, milk, vastly, differing, mammalian, avian, might, vary, contrast, isolated, hyperthermophile, habit, poikilothermic, reproductive, soldiers, seven, rscat1, appears, capability, partly, explain, they, attain, speratus, reticulitermes, sets, liquids, stored, separately, paired, glands, larger, pair, storage, reservoir, smaller, activate, noxious, mixes, compartments, liberated, oxidizes, propellant, 202, mol, heats, boiling, exothermic, almost, universal, most, large, every, particularly, occurring, primarily, sometimes, organ, converts, out, rodents, suggest, responsible, alcohol, dehydrogenase, usually, located, involved, carbon, dioxide, symbiotic, breaking, apart, potent, antimicrobial, agent, deactivate, thus, allowing, them, survive, unharmed, host, campylobacter, jejuni, legionella, pneumophila, diatomic, fixation, photorespiration, eukaryotes, alleviated, exhibit, loss, seen, ordinarily, induces, damages, reduced, aged, dependent, pups, per, litter, extends, lifespan, oxodg, sertoli, germ, testicular, spermatozoa, genetically, engineered, initially, phenotypically, increase, likelihood, developing, humans, yet, ill, obesity, harmful, byproduct, processes, prevent, must, quickly, dangerous, frequently, gaseous, any, heavy, cations, act, reduction, poison, peroxidated, arsenate, sulfate, exact, metabolites, toxins, including, following, alcohols, phenols, formic, formaldehyde, enters, 148, transfer, atom, coordinates, freeing, newly, formed, reform, reactivity, phenolate, fifth, coordination, assist, efficiency, proceeds, order, being, proportional, tyr358, proton, asparagine, represents, group, attached, mesomeric, meaning, completely, oxidized, receives, stabilising, electron, density, cation, complete, currently, believed, occur, stages, determined, noticed, 1818, who, suggested, unknown, give, name, crystallized, alexander, james, oscar, louis, jacques, forms, conceptually, divided, domains, extensive, core, subunit, generated, eight, stranded, antiparallel, nearest, neighbor, connectivity, capped, side, domain, face, terminal, α16, α17, α18, α19, derived, residues, alternative, splicing, variants, helical, subunits, polypeptide, chains, 500, groups, allow, react, approximately, fairly, broad, maximum, change, appreciably, common, nearly, living, exposed, important, protecting, ros, highest, convert, millions, turnover, numbers, catalyzes, ucsc, np_033934, np_001743, nm_009804, nm_001752, mrna, p24270, 12359, 847, entrez, oma, orthologs, sources, targeting, degranulation, detoxification, division, hemoglobin, toxic, homotetramerization, triglyceride, light, intensity, radiation, phosphatidylinositol, protection, catabolic, osteoblast, differentiation, dissimilation, insulin, tetramerization, ozone, apoptotic, ascorbic, cholesterol, stimulus, hyperoxia, inactivity, cadmium, hypoxia, estradiol, ureteric, bud, phenylpropanoid, ficolin, rich, secretory, region, exosome, lysosome, mitochondrion, endoplasmic, reticulum, matrix, plasma, intermembrane, focal, adhesion, intracellular, bounded, golgi, apparatus, component, identical, receptor, nadp, acting, acceptor, aminoacylase, homodimerization, biogps, intercostal, muscle, brown, stroma, subcutaneous, tunica, adventitia, aorta, proximal, left, thigh, hip, ileum, jejunal, renal, medulla, trabecular, bgee, pattern, rna, 315, 505, 472, 060, 438, 934, 11p13, 1qqw, 1f4j, 1dgh, 1dgg, 1dgf, 1dgb, codes, genecards, 88271, mgi, 115500, ids, aliases, reactions, rhea, pathway, nicezyme, 9001, cas, alphafold, ecod, cd00328, cdd, 3e4w, 370, supfam, scope, 7cat, scop2, pdoc00395, prosite, interpro, pfam, symbol, decomposing, encyclopedia, item, projects, printable, version, download, print, export, switch, legacy, parser, get
Text of the page (random words):
pper ii sulfate can act as a noncompetitive inhibitor of catalase however copper deficiency can lead to a reduction in catalase activity in tissues such as heart and liver 20 furthermore the poison cyanide is a noncompetitive inhibitor 21 of catalase at high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide 22 arsenate acts as an activator 23 three dimensional protein structures of the peroxidated catalase intermediates are available at the protein data bank cellular role edit hydrogen peroxide is a harmful byproduct of many normal metabolic processes to prevent damage to cells and tissues it must be quickly converted into other less dangerous substances to this end catalase is frequently used by cells to rapidly catalyze the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into less reactive gaseous oxygen and water molecules 24 mice genetically engineered to lack catalase are initially phenotypically normal 25 however catalase deficiency in mice may increase the likelihood of developing obesity fatty liver 26 and type 2 diabetes 27 some humans have very low levels of catalase acatalasia yet show few ill effects the increased oxidative stress that occurs with aging in mice is alleviated by over expression of catalase 28 over expressing mice do not exhibit the age associated loss of spermatozoa testicular germ and sertoli cells seen in wild type mice oxidative stress in wild type mice ordinarily induces oxidative dna damage measured as 8 oxodg in sperm with aging but these damages are significantly reduced in aged catalase over expressing mice 28 furthermore these over expressing mice show no decrease in age dependent number of pups per litter overexpression of catalase targeted to mitochondria extends the lifespan of mice 29 in eukaryotes catalase is usually located in a cellular organelle called the peroxisome 30 peroxisomes in plant cells are involved in photorespiration the use of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide and symbiotic nitrogen fixation the breaking apart of diatomic nitrogen n 2 to reactive nitrogen atoms hydrogen peroxide is used as a potent antimicrobial agent when cells are infected with a pathogen catalase positive pathogens such as mycobacterium tuberculosis legionella pneumophila and campylobacter jejuni make catalase to deactivate the peroxide radicals thus allowing them to survive unharmed within the host 31 like alcohol dehydrogenase catalase converts ethanol to acetaldehyde and drop out studies in rodents suggest that it may be responsible for the majority of this reaction in the brain 32 33 distribution among organisms edit the large majority of known organisms use catalase in every organ with particularly high concentrations occurring in the liver in mammals 34 catalase is found primarily in peroxisomes and the cytosol of erythrocytes and sometimes in mitochondria 35 almost all aerobic microorganisms use catalase it is also present in some anaerobic microorganisms such as methanosarcina barkeri 36 catalase is also universal among plants and occurs in most fungi 37 one unique use of catalase occurs in the bombardier beetle this beetle has two sets of liquids that are stored separately in two paired glands the larger of the pair the storage chamber or reservoir contains hydroquinones and hydrogen peroxide while the smaller the reaction chamber contains catalases and peroxidases to activate the noxious spray the beetle mixes the contents of the two compartments causing oxygen to be liberated from hydrogen peroxide the oxygen oxidizes the hydroquinones and also acts as the propellant 38 the oxidation reaction is very exothermic δh 202 8 kj mol and rapidly heats the mixture to the boiling point 39 long lived queens of the termite reticulitermes speratus have significantly lower oxidative damage to their dna than non reproductive individuals workers and soldiers 40 queens have more than two times higher catalase activity and seven times higher expression levels of the catalase gene rscat1 than workers 40 it appears that the efficient antioxidant capability of termite queens can partly explain how they attain longer life catalase enzymes from various species have vastly differing optimum temperatures poikilothermic animals typically have catalases with optimum temperatures in the range of 15 25 c 59 77 f while mammalian or avian catalases might have optimum temperatures above 35 c 95 f 41 42 and catalases from plants vary depending on their growth habit 41 in contrast catalase isolated from the hyperthermophile archaeon pyrobaculum calidifontis has a temperature optimum of 90 c 194 f 43 clinical significance and application edit hydrogen peroxide catalase is used in the food industry for removing hydrogen peroxide from milk prior to cheese production 44 another use is in food wrappers where it prevents food from oxidizing 45 catalase is also used in the textile industry removing hydrogen peroxide from fabrics to make sure the material is peroxide free 46 a minor use is in contact lens hygiene a few lens cleaning products disinfect the lens using a hydrogen peroxide solution a solution containing catalase is then used to decompose the hydrogen peroxide before the lens is used again 47 bacterial identification catalase test edit positive catalase reaction the catalase test is one of the three main tests used by microbiologists to identify species of bacteria if the bacteria possess catalase i e are catalase positive bubbles of oxygen are observed when a small amount of bacterial isolate is added to hydrogen peroxide the catalase test is done by placing a drop of hydrogen peroxide on a microscope slide an applicator stick is touched to the colony and the tip is then smeared onto the hydrogen peroxide drop citation needed if the mixture produces bubbles or froth the organism is said to be catalase positive staphylococci 48 and micrococci 49 are catalase positive other catalase positive organisms include listeria corynebacterium diphtheriae burkholderia cepacia nocardia the family enterobacteriaceae citrobacter e coli enterobacter klebsiella shigella yersinia proteus salmonella serratia pseudomonas mycobacterium tuberculosis aspergillus cryptococcus and rhodococcus equi if not the organism is catalase negative streptococcus 50 and enterococcus spp are catalase negative while the catalase test alone cannot identify a particular organism it can aid identification when combined with other tests such as antibiotic resistance the presence of catalase in bacterial cells depends on both the growth condition and the medium used to grow the cells citation needed capillary tubes may also be used a small sample of bacteria is collected on the end of the capillary tube without blocking the tube to avoid false negative results the opposite end is then dipped into hydrogen peroxide which is drawn into the tube through capillary action and turned upside down so that the bacterial sample points downwards the hand holding the tube is then tapped on the bench moving the hydrogen peroxide down until it touches the bacteria if bubbles form on contact this indicates a positive catalase result this test can detect catalase positive bacteria at concentrations above about 10 5 cells ml 51 and is simple to use bacterial virulence edit neutrophils and other phagocytes use peroxide to kill bacteria the enzyme nadph oxidase generates superoxide within the phagosome which is converted via hydrogen peroxide to other oxidising substances like hypochlorous acid which kill phagocytosed pathogens 52 in individuals with chronic granulomatous disease cgd phagocytic peroxide production is impaired due to a defective nadph oxidase system normal cellular metabolism will still produce a small amount of peroxide and this peroxide can be used to produce hypochlorous acid to eradicate the bacterial infection however if individuals with cgd are infected with catalase positive bacteria the bacterial catalase can destroy the excess peroxide before it can be used to produce other oxidising substances in these individuals the pathogen survives and becomes a chronic infection this chronic infection is typically surrounded by macrophages in an attempt to isolate the infection this wall of macrophages surrounding a pathogen is called a granuloma many bacteria are catalase positive but some are better catalase producers than others some catalase positive bacteria and fungi include nocardia pseudomonas listeria aspergillus candida e coli staphylococcus serratia b cepacia and h pylori 53 acatalasia edit acatalasia is a condition caused by homozygous mutations in cat resulting in a lack of catalase symptoms are mild and include oral ulcers a heterozygous cat mutation results in lower but still present catalase 54 gray hair edit low levels of catalase may play a role in the graying process of human hair hydrogen peroxide is naturally produced by the body and broken down by catalase hydrogen peroxide can accumulate in hair follicles and if catalase levels decline this buildup can cause oxidative stress and graying 55 these low levels of catalase are associated with old age hydrogen peroxide interferes with the production of melanin the pigment that gives hair its color 56 57 interactions edit catalase has been shown to interact with the abl2 58 and abl genes 58 infection with the murine leukemia virus causes catalase activity to decline in the lungs heart and kidneys of mice conversely dietary fish oil increased catalase activity in the heart and kidneys of mice 59 methods for determining catalase activity edit in 1870 schoenn discovered a formation of yellow color from the interaction of hydrogen peroxide with molybdate 60 then from the middle of the 20th century this reaction began to be used for colorimetric determination of unreacted hydrogen peroxide in the catalase activity assay 61 the reaction became widely used after publications by korolyuk et al 1988 62 and goth 1991 63 the first paper describes serum catalase assay with no buffer in the reaction medium the latter describes the procedure based on phosphate buffer as a reaction medium since phosphate ion reacts with ammonium molybdate 63 the use of mops buffer as a reaction medium is more appropriate 64 direct uv measurement of the decrease in the concentration of hydrogen peroxide is also widely used after the publications by beers sizer 65 and aebi 66 see also edit enzyme kinetics glutathione peroxidase peroxidase superoxide dismutase references edit 1 2 3 grch38 ensembl release 89 ensg00000121691 ensembl may 2017 1 2 3 grcm38 ensembl release 89 ensmusg00000027187 ensembl may 2017 human pubmed reference national center for biotechnology information u s national library of medicine mouse pubmed reference national center for biotechnology information u s national library of medicine chelikani p fita i loewen pc january 2004 diversity of structures and properties among catalases cellular and molecular life sciences 61 2 192 208 doi 10 1007 s00018 003 3206 5 hdl 10261 111097 pmc 11138816 pmid 14745498 s2cid 4411482 goodsell ds 2004 09 01 catalase molecule of the month rcsb protein data bank retrieved 2016 08 23 boon em downs a marcey d catalase h 2 o 2 h 2 o 2 oxidoreductase catalase structural tutorial text retrieved 2007 02 11 maehly ac chance b 1954 the assay of catalases and peroxidases methods of biochemical analysis vol 1 pp 357 424 doi 10 1002 9780470110171 ch14 isbn 978 0 470 11017 1 pmid 13193536 cite book isbn date incompatibility help aebi h 1984 catalase in vitro oxygen radicals in biological systems methods in enzymology vol 105 pp 121 6 doi 10 1016 s0076 6879 84 05016 3 isbn 978 0 12 182005 3 pmid 6727660 ec 1 11 1 6 catalase brenda the comprehensive enzyme information system department of bioinformatics and biochemistry technische universität braunschweig retrieved 2009 05 26 toner k sojka g ellis r a quantitative enzyme study catalase bucknell edu archived from the original on 2000 06 12 retrieved 2007 02 11 1 2 3 putnam cd arvai as bourne y tainer ja february 2000 active and inhibited human catalase structures ligand and nadph binding and catalytic mechanism journal of molecular biology 296 1 295 309 doi 10 1006 jmbi 1999 3458 pmid 10656833 loew o may 1900 a new enzyme of general occurrence in organisms science 11 279 701 702 bibcode 1900sci 11 701l doi 10 1126 science 11 279 701 jstor 1625707 pmid 17751716 sumner jb dounce al april 1937 crystalline catalase science 85 2206 366 367 bibcode 1937sci 85 366s doi 10 1126 science 85 2206 366 pmid 17776781 sumner jb gralén n march 1938 the molecular weight of crystalline catalase science 87 2256 284 bibcode 1938sci 87 284s doi 10 1126 science 87 2256 284 pmid 17831682 s2cid 36931581 schroeder wa shelton jr shelton jb robberson b apell g may 1969 the amino acid sequence of bovine liver catalase a preliminary report archives of biochemistry and biophysics 131 2 653 655 doi 10 1016 0003 9861 69 90441 x pmid 4892021 murthy mr reid tj sicignano a tanaka n rossmann mg october 1981 structure of beef liver catalase journal of molecular biology 152 2 465 499 bibcode 1981jmbio 152 465m doi 10 1016 0022 2836 81 90254 0 pmid 7328661 1 2 3 4 boon em downs a marcey d proposed mechanism of catalase catalase h 2 o 2 h 2 o 2 oxidoreductase catalase structural tutorial retrieved 2007 02 11 aebi h 1984 catalase in vitro oxygen radicals in biological systems methods in enzymology vol 105 pp 121 126 doi 10 1016 s0076 6879 84 05016 3 isbn 978 0 12 182005 3 pmid 6727660 hordyjewska a popiołek ł kocot j august 2014 the many faces of copper in medicine and treatment biometals 27 4 611 621 bibcode 2014biomt 27 611h doi 10 1007 s10534 014 9736 5 pmc 4113679 pmid 24748564 kremer ml april 1981 nonstationary inhibition of enzyme action the cyanide inhibition of catalase the journal of physical chemistry 85 7 835 839 bibcode 1981jphch 85 835k doi 10 1021 j150607a021 ogura y yamazaki i august 1983 steady state kinetics of the catalase reaction in the presence of cyanide journal of biochemistry 94 2 403 408 doi 10 1093 oxfordjournals jbchem a134369 pmid 6630165 kertulis tartar gm rathinasabapathi b ma lq october 2009 characterization of glutathione reductase and catalase in the fronds of two pteris ferns upon arsenic exposure plant physiology and biochemistry 47 10 960 965 bibcode 2009plpb 47 960k doi 10 1016 j plaphy 2009 05 009 pmid 19574057 gaetani gf ferraris am rolfo m mangerini r arena s kirkman hn february 1996 predominant role of catalase in the disposal of hydrogen peroxide within human erythrocytes blood 87 4 1595 1599 doi 10 1182 blood v87 4 1595 bloodjournal8741595 pmid 8608252 ho ys xiong y ma w spector a ho ds july 2004 mice lacking catalase develop normally but show differential sensitivity to oxidant tissue injury the journal of biological chemistry 279 31 32804 32812 bibcode 2004jbich 27932804h doi 10 1074 jbc m404800200 pmid 15178682 heit c marshall s singh s yu x charkoftaki g zhao h et al february 2017 catalase deletion promotes prediabetic phenotype in mice free radic...
|
