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rovided mainly through community health centres puskesmas and primary care hospitals 367 in 2014 indonesia launched jaminan kesehatan nasional jkn one of the world s largest single payer health insurance systems that covered 98 of the population by 2024 despite the near universal coverage where people live still affects the availability of care and healthcare personnel 368 life expectancy increased between 1990 and 2019 from 62 5 to 69 4 years for men and from 65 7 to 73 5 years for women but there are substantial differences between provinces 369 indonesia faces a double burden of disease non communicable conditions have become increasingly prominent in overall health loss and infectious diseases continue to contribute substantially to disability and early mortality 370 stunting prevalence among children was 21 6 in 2022 371 culture main article culture of indonesia see also national intangible cultural heritage of indonesia and public holidays in indonesia indonesia s cultures differ across islands languages and communities older populations and later austronesian migrations contributed to this diversity with papuan and melanesian populations prominent in the east 372 373 movement by sea placed the indonesian archipelago within trading and migration networks involving indian arab persian chinese and mainland southeast asian peoples followed later by europeans religious and courtly influences entered through these routes and european expansion ultimately brought colonial domination coastal commercial centres often encountered outside influences before they reached inland communities 374 375 indonesia has no single uniform cultural tradition regional traditions are tied to particular languages and local cultures while pan indonesian forms generally use indonesian and are intended for audiences across regional and ethnic boundaries 376 377 these traditions include performance visual art ritual clothing food and literature 378 modern popular culture includes cinema television drama music celebrity media and reality shows along with imported asian dramas and global formats adapted for indonesian audiences 379 indonesia has 16 items on the unesco intangible cultural heritage lists including wayang puppet theatre batik angklung the saman dance and pencak silat recent joint nominations have added pantun kebaya and kolintang to the list 380 visual arts and architecture main articles indonesian art architecture of indonesia national costume of indonesia and indonesian painting an indonesian batik indonesian visual arts include textiles puppetry masks carving and painting 381 textiles are used in rituals and can convey social standing and ethnic affiliation colonial rule and nationalism affected the development of modern painting and tourism and urban art communities became increasingly important later in the 20th century 382 regional painting traditions include bali s classical kamasan tradition a narrative form often described as wayang painting 383 sculptural traditions range from megalithic monuments 28 to ngaju dayak hampatong figures and asmat artefacts serving commemorative protective aesthetic or spiritual functions 384 385 indonesian architecture ranges from everyday houses to ritual houses rumah adat whose layouts posts roofs heirlooms and construction rites can express ancestry status and local beliefs 386 regional forms include the javanese pendapa dayak longhouses minangkabau rumah gadang and toraja tongkonan 387 monumental religious architecture includes borobudur and prambanan 388 389 while surviving hindu and buddhist sculpture from the 8th to 15th centuries includes works in stone bronze and gold 390 clothing traditions differ by region and are used in ceremonies weddings formal occasions and as markers of local identity 391 batik and kebaya are widely used in national and formal dress and are especially prominent in javanese culture 392 other regional textile traditions include minangkabau gold thread textiles and distinctive ikat traditions among batak and many eastern indonesian communities such textiles are used at formal events in bridal exchange ceremonies and weddings 393 performing arts main articles music of indonesia dance in indonesia and theatre of indonesia the pandavas and krishna in an act of the wayang wong performance indonesian music and dance include court village ritual and popular forms gamelan traditions are centred especially in java and bali while angklung and other bamboo ensembles are used in western java banyumas and other regions drums gongs lutes singing and music accompanying dance also appear across the archipelago 394 islamic musical forms include gambus and qasida 395 while popular genres include keroncong and dangdut 396 which grew from melayu music and draws on indian arabic and western pop and rock elements 397 dance traditions are practiced for different purposes across regions mask dances appear in javanese court drama and balinese ritual performance while dayak mask dances are performed in agricultural rituals and communal ceremonial settings 398 javanese court dance includes forms such as bedhaya and serimpi while other local dances are associated with theatre and music spirit possession harvests temple festivals cremation ceremonies and commemorations of the dead 399 contemporary performers also adapt global forms 400 401 traditional indonesian theatre encompasses storytelling music movement puppetry masks acting and dance 402 wayang is a prominent puppet theatre tradition in java that is also practiced in bali led by a dalang and accompanied by gamelan music its repertory frequently reworks episodes from the ramayana and mahabharata 403 404 it has served ritual moral comic political and public messaging functions 405 406 other regional traditions combine drama with music dance masks or martial arts 407 and modern theatre groups have used their performances for social and political commentary 408 409 literature main article indonesian literature cover of the 1937 issue of poedjangga baroe an influential indonesian literary magazine literary traditions in indonesia developed in many regional languages and included both oral and written forms 410 411 oral traditions ranged from storytelling to songs customs beliefs and other community forms while material could pass between oral and written transmission 412 traditional written literature included court chronicles religious and legal writing narrative prose and verse such forms often served ethical religious or dynastic purposes rather than entertainment 413 modern indonesian literature grew in the early 20th century alongside the expansion of literacy publishing and a wider reading public 414 balai pustaka established in 1917 distributed books and maintained libraries and agencies across the archipelago which gave new writers access to wider circulation 415 during this period prose fiction and poetry became more prominent displacing some older literary forms 416 from 1933 pujangga baru provided another venue for literary and cultural writing publishing essays poetry short stories and longer prose before the japanese occupation 417 newspapers magazines and other publications also carried indonesian language prose and poetry during the prewar period 418 in the 1970s and 1980s newspapers and magazines were important outlets for literature with regular sections carrying poetry short stories criticism and serial fiction 419 from the late 1990s some forms of literary activity began to emerge in digital media with websites mailing lists forums and blogs providing spaces for literary communities and for publication 420 post 1998 literary production has also faced fewer state restrictions 421 with writers able to engage more openly with previously sensitive subjects such as sexuality and stronger religious expressions 422 cinema and mass media main articles cinema of indonesia and mass media in indonesia loetoeng kasaroeng 1926 the first film produced in the netherlands east indies indonesian film production began during the dutch colonial era with loetoeng kasaroeng 1926 and a national film industry developed and expanded after independence 423 film became a vehicle for nationalist and anti colonial politics under sukarno 424 while the new order regulated and censored cinema 425 the domestic industry of the 1970s and 1980s declined sharply in the early 1990s 426 after 1998 independent filmmakers film communities festivals and renewed commercial production helped revive indonesian cinema 427 428 however censorship and pressure from non state actors still limited expression 429 during the new order newspapers and broadcasters operated under licensing and censorship 430 and television was used to advance state led development and a unified vision of national identity 431 in the reformasi period the 1999 press law prohibited censorship publication bans and licensing requirements but journalists and media organisations still face legal cases political pressure violence and other forms of intimidation 432 internet use grew rapidly from the mid 1990s and websites became another means of distributing news and information 433 434 mainstream media increasingly uses the same reporting across television print and online outlets either through integrated newsrooms or by sharing content between them news is also shortened or reformatted for websites and social media 435 cuisine main article indonesian cuisine nasi padang with rendang gulai and vegetables an example of minangkabau cuisine indonesian cuisine differs from one region to another in its ingredients methods and flavours indian chinese middle eastern portuguese dutch and other foreign influences have become part of local cooking traditions 436 437 rice is the staple food in much of the country and is commonly served with meat or fish vegetables sambal and other condiments 438 chilli coconut milk shrimp paste peanuts garlic shallots and tamarind are widely used in cooking along with foods such as chicken and seafood 439 tempeh and tahu tofu are widely eaten soybean products tempeh originated in java and is also eaten in bali and elsewhere in indonesia 440 mie and nasi goreng are widely eaten in the country gado gado and sate are also prominent dishes 441 regional cuisines include minangkabau dishes such as rendang 440 tumpeng is a javanese ceremonial rice dish served for life cycle events and other communal observances where it is associated with gratitude and blessing 442 sports main articles sports in indonesia and indonesian martial arts a demonstration of pencak silat a form of martial arts popular sports in indonesia include football badminton weightlifting and basketball along with local games and martial arts 443 football is one of the country s most followed sports with active club supporters and public screenings of matches 444 indonesia was the first asian representative to appear at the fifa world cup taking part in the 1938 tournament as the dutch east indies 445 indonesia has been particularly successful in international badminton winning both the thomas and uber cups the men s and women s world team championships 446 most of indonesia s olympic medals have come from badminton and weightlifting 447 indonesia first competed at the olympics in 1952 and has participated in the asian games since the inaugural 1951 edition 448 449 jakarta has hosted the asian games twice first in 1962 and again in 2018 with palembang 450 451 traditional sports and games are featured in ceremonies harvest events contests and public entertainment examples include sepak takraw bull racing karapan sapi in madura 452 and ritual combat traditions such as caci in flores and pasola in sumba 453 pencak silat is an indonesian martial art 454 and was included as an official event at the 2018 asian games where indonesia won all 14 gold medals contested in the sport 455 see also indonesia portal list of indonesia related topics outline of indonesia notes and references notes excludes dialects and subdialects uk ˌ ɪ n d ə ˈ n iː z i ə ʒ ə in də nee zee ə zhə us ˌ ɪ n d ə ˈ n iː ʒ ə ʃ ə ⓘ in də nee zhə shə 10 11 indonesian pronunciation ɪndoˈnesia republik indonesia reˈpublik ɪndoˈnesia ⓘ is the most used official name though the name unitary state of the republic of indonesia negara kesatuan republik indonesia nkri also appears in some official documents including the constitution 12 estimates range from about 200 000 to one million at least 500 000 is the widely accepted figure 92 93 94 the former includes the indonesian democratic party of struggle pdi p the party of the functional groups golkar and the great indonesia movement party gerindra party and the latter includes the centrist national awakening party pkb and the islamist prosperous justice party pks 141 peopleper square kilometre 370 people mi 2 per the 2020 national census 6 in 2025 jakarta s population and civil registration office recorded 11 010 514 residents with official addresses in dki jakarta 302 the un figure covers jakarta together with densely populated communities that form a contiguous urban area around the city centre the degree of urbanization method identifies settlements consistently using population size density and spatial contiguity thresholds 303 indonesia is also home to smaller communities of chinese indian and arab descent each with a long standing presence in the archipelago 316 317 318 sunnis constitute 99 of the muslim population 342 the rest consists of shias and ahmadis who number between 1 3 million and 200 000 400 000 people respectively 343 the ministry of primary and secondary education the ministry of higher education science and technology and the ministry of religious affairs for islamic schools 355 references languages and language maps in indonesia ministry of education and culture kemdikbud citizenship ethnicity religion and everyday language of the indonesian population statistics indonesia 2010 1 2 3 4 5 religious diversity in indonesia according to ministry of home affairs population data tempo 2026 1 2 cia world factbook central intelligence agency 2025 ministry of home affairs directorate general of population and civil registration releases clean population data tempo 2026 1 2 3 results of the 2020 population census statistics indonesia 2020 p 9 1 2 3 4 world economic outlook database april 2026 edition imf 2026 gini ratio in march 2024 was 0 379 statistics indonesia 2024 human development report 2025 united nations development programme 2025 indonesia definition meaning dictionary com indonesia merriam webster 1945 constitution of the republic of indonesia ministry of law and human rights of the republic of indonesia 2019 1 2 brown 2004 p 2 earl 1850 p 71 elson 2008 p 1 logan 1850 p 254 elson 2008 pp 1 2 elson 2008 p 2 van der kroef 1951 pp 167 168 thanks to soewardi the name indonesia took root in the hague in 1918 national geographic indonesia 2024 1 2 oldest example of figurative art found i...
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