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to java ee and an even more rigorous validation is required to certify an implementation this environment enables portable server side applications use outside the java platform the java programming language requires the presence of a software platform in order for compiled programs to be executed oracle supplies the java platform for use with java the android sdk is an alternative software platform used primarily for developing android applications with its own gui system android this article needs to be updated please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information february 2026 the java language is a key pillar in android an open source mobile operating system although android built on the linux kernel is written largely in c the android sdk uses the java language as the basis for android applications but does not use any of its standard gui se me or other established java standards 90 the bytecode language supported by the android sdk is incompatible with jvm bytecode and runs on its own virtual machine optimized for low memory devices such as smartphones and tablet computers depending on the android version the bytecode is either interpreted by the dalvik virtual machine or compiled into native code by the android runtime android does not provide the full java se standard library although the android sdk does include an independent implementation of a large subset of it it supports java 6 and some java 7 features offering an implementation compatible with the standard library apache harmony controversy see also google llc v oracle america inc the use of java related technology in android led to a legal dispute between oracle and google on may 7 2012 a san francisco jury found that if apis could be copyrighted then google had infringed oracle s copyrights by the use of java in android devices 91 district judge william alsup ruled on may 31 2012 that apis cannot be copyrighted 92 but this was reversed by the united states court of appeals for the federal circuit in may 2014 93 on may 26 2016 the district court decided in favor of google ruling the copyright infringement of the java api in android constitutes fair use 94 in march 2018 this ruling was overturned by the appeals court which sent down the case of determining the damages to federal court in san francisco 95 google filed a petition for writ of certiorari with the supreme court of the united states in january 2019 to challenge the two rulings that were made by the appeals court in oracle s favor 96 on april 5 2021 the court ruled 6 2 in google s favor that its use of java apis should be considered fair use however the court refused to rule on the copyrightability of apis choosing instead to determine their ruling by considering java s api copyrightable purely for argument s sake 97 see also computer programming portal c c dalvik used in old android versions replaced by non jit android runtime java heterogeneous distributed computing list of java apis list of java frameworks list of jvm languages list of java programming books list of java software and tools list of java virtual machines outline of the java programming language comparison of c and java comparison of java and c comparison of programming languages references binstock andrew may 20 2015 java s 20 years of innovation forbes archived from the original on march 14 2016 retrieved march 18 2016 jdk 26 1 2 3 4 barbara liskov with john guttag 2000 program development in java abstraction specification and object oriented design usa addison wesley isbn 978 0 201 65768 5 chaudhary harry h july 28 2014 cracking the java programming interview 2000 java interview que ans archived from the original on september 29 2023 retrieved may 29 2016 java 5 0 added several new language features the enhanced for loop autoboxing varargs and annotations after they were introduced in the similar and competing c language archived march 19 2011 at the wayback machine archived january 7 2006 at the wayback machine gosling james mcgilton henry may 1996 the java language environment archived from the original on may 6 2014 retrieved may 6 2014 gosling james joy bill steele guy bracha gilad the java language specification 2nd edition archived from the original on august 5 2011 retrieved february 8 2008 the a z of programming languages modula 3 computerworld archived from the original on january 5 2009 retrieved june 9 2010 niklaus wirth stated on a number of public occasions e g in a lecture at the polytechnic museum moscow in september 2005 several independent first hand accounts in russian exist e g one with an audio recording filippova elena september 22 2005 niklaus wirth s lecture at the polytechnic museum in moscow archived from the original on december 1 2020 retrieved november 20 2011 that the sun java design team licensed the oberon compiler sources a number of years prior to the release of java and examined it a relative compactness type safety garbage 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