Meta tags:
Headings (most frequently used words):
and, the, later, roman, emperor, contents, background, beginning, powers, under, principate, succession, legitimacy, developments, titles, assertions, to, title, number, of, emperors, see, also, notes, references, further, reading, external, links, byzantine, period, ottoman, claim, imperator, caesar, augustus, princeps, basileus, autokrator, citations, sources,
Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (953), and (285), emperors (145), was (140), #emperor (129), roman (118), empire (104), isbn (86), title (83), his (82), 978 (81), augustus (73), #caesar (59), for (50), with (48), this (47), imperator (45), from (44), that (44), but (43), used (43), imperial (41), rome (41), university (41), press (41), power (41), constantine (39), after (38), had (38), were (36), first (34), byzantine (33), later (33), eastern (33), century (32), cambridge (32), senate (30), who (30), not (30), last (29), also (29), basileus (29), him (28), which (27), john (26), history (25), edit (25), new (25), became (25), princeps (23), western (23), their (23), iii (22), constantinople (22), during (22), republic (21), only (21), there (21), greek (20), been (20), often (20), such (20), palaiologos (19), tiberius (19), 2017 (19), until (19), powers (19), other (18), julius (18), period (18), its (18), although (18), use (17), ottoman (17), diocletian (17), reign (17), west (17), more (17), name (17), they (17), ancient (16), latin (16), romans (16), time (16), 2022 (16), years (16), succession (16), one (16), are (16), great (16), office (16), year (15), when (15), himself (15), adopted (15), son (15), autokrator (15), byzantium (14), 2014 (14), rule (14), 2012 (14), despite (14), still (14), main (14), late (13), legitimate (13), usurpers (13), leo (13), severus (13), early (13), east (13), between (13), routledge (13), death (13), have (13), called (13), all (13), ruler (13), some (13), under (12), titles (12), maximus (12), imperium (12), law (12), fall (12), michael (12), dynasty (12), rulers (12), world (12), modern (12), oxford (12), end (12), held (12), ruled (12), themselves (12), these (12), continued (12), would (12), even (12), most (12), recognition (12), writers (11), consul (11), legitimacy (11), mousourakis (11), instead (11), proclaimed (11), did (11), several (11), them (11), octavian (11), into (11), 1453 (10), political (10), principate (10), state (10), 2002 (10), 1921 (10), sandys (10), 2018 (10), two (10), thus (10), alongside (10), always (10), over (10), divine (10), accession (10), text (9), marcus (9), nepos (9), family (9), tribune (9), theodosius (9), romulus (9), list (9), claim (9), studies (9), petit (9), kazhdan (9), bury (9), offices (9), potestas (9), being (9), both (9), began (9), recognized (9), never (9), tetrarchy (9), following (9), rex (8), pontifex (8), regarded (8), usurper (8), 1204 (8), komnenos (8), alexander (8), justinian (8), 395 (8), constantius (8), septimius (8), vespasian (8), brill (8), watkin (8), 1991 (8), age (8), coins (8), part (8), sometimes (8), common (8), see (8), considered (8), referred (8), having (8), murder (8), tribunicia (8), dominus (8), then (8), since (8), official (8), article (8), known (8), any (8), view (7), wikipedia (7), sources (7), authority (7), retrieved (7), aurelius (7), military (7), government (7), junior (7), andronikos (7), alexios (7), heraclius (7), valentinian (7), 476 (7), caligula (7), 238 (7), king (7), doi (7), vol (7), 1996 (7), 2000 (7), christian (7), sons (7), people (7), term (7), sole (7), beginning (7), than (7), number (7), originally (7), imp (7), own (7), before (7), could (7), legal (6), language (6), articles (6), short (6), civil (6), culture (6), republican (6), army (6), control (6), dictator (6), ordinary (6), senatus (6), dominate (6), doukas (6), augustulus (6), claudius (6), 235 (6), crisis (6), nero (6), third (6), 2011 (6), princeton (6), 2021 (6), further (6), tellegen (6), couperus (6), companion (6), omissi (6), eds (6), court (6), fell (6), digeser (6), making (6), style (6), 104 (6), chronicon (6), city (6), system (6), once (6), second (6), however (6), same (6), meaning (6), church (6), grandson (6), supreme (6), divi (6), many (6), each (6), received (6), senior (6), given (6), becoming (6), led (6), toggle (5), may (5), page (5), wars (5), laws (5), generals (5), consuls (5), valerius (5), tacitus (5), suetonius (5), classical (5), old (5), personal (5), triumvir (5), extraordinary (5), censor (5), magistrates (5), kingdom (5), related (5), viii (5), nikephoros (5), romanos (5), zeno (5), valens (5), philip (5), commodus (5), lucius (5), antoninus (5), pius (5), nerva (5), galba (5), trebizond (5), george (5), translated (5), 2007 (5), publishing (5), oclc (5), conquest (5), five (5), 1070 (5), 1973 (5), 2013 (5), dictionary (5), peter (5), 2005 (5), half (5), public (5), lintott (5), champlin (5), bowman (5), antiquity (5), 2008 (5), 2003 (5), italy (5), example (5), word (5), directly (5), anthony (5), antony (5), monarchy (5), division (5), lex (5), permanent (5), because (5), almost (5), died (5), few (5), times (5), tribunician (5), earlier (5), through (5), role (5), monarchs (5), states (5), claimed (5), throne (5), full (5), eventually (5), holy (5), rise (5), honorific (5), heirs (5), subsequent (5), practice (5), followed (5), lost (5), heir (5), successors (5), monarch (5), made (5), historians (5), now (5), appointed (5), declared (5), contents (4), search (4), about (4), using (4), foundation (4), containing (4), multiple (4), empresses (4), procopius (4), julian (4), dio (4), younger (4), claudian (4), medieval (4), consular (4), magister (4), auctoritas (4), plebeian (4), either (4), 1461 (4), 260 (4), manuel (4), irene (4), laskaris (4), stephen (4), anastasius (4), constans (4), honorius (4), jovian (4), maximinus (4), licinius (4), 284 (4), carus (4), gordian (4), caracalla (4), domitian (4), vitellius (4), nicaea (4), 305 (4), links (4), russia (4), 1982 (4), jstor (4), issn (4), volume (4), europe (4), crown (4), 3rd (4), paul (4), mcevoy (4), hekster (4), formula (4), augustan (4), barnes (4), 102 (4), 100 (4), 146 (4), dumbarton (4), oaks (4), english (4), russian (4), well (4), 231 (4), hellenic (4), mark (4), 4th (4), thought (4), 239 (4), lepidus (4), notably (4), equal (4), 6th (4), rival (4), treated (4), styled (4), autocrat (4), traditional (4), augoustos (4), scholarship (4), longer (4), starting (4), succeeded (4), gave (4), gaius (4), records (4), distinction (4), like (4), shortly (4), dignity (4), successor (4), said (4), odoacer (4), usually (4), marked (4), denote (4), already (4), among (4), attached (4), hence (4), charlemagne (4), those (4), itself (4), awarded (4), inherited (4), assume (4), become (4), facto (4), importance (4), creation (4), separate (4), praenomen (4), julia (4), another (4), shared (4), capital (4), clear (4), formal (4), saw (4), date (4), managed (4), single (4), hereditary (4), probably (4), individual (4), provinces (4), hide (4), move (4), sidebar (4), languages (3), terms (3), september (3), cs1 (3), german (3), images (3), different (3), org (3), external (3), equitum (3), women (3), lists (3), ravenna (3), priscus (3), cassius (3), servius (3), elder (3), pliny (3), justin (3), festus (3), victor (3), renaissance (3), gens (3), plebs (3), art (3), currency (3), siege (3), governor (3), tetrarch (3), constitution (3), decline (3), historiography (3), pax (3), romana (3), vii (3), theodore (3), angelos (3), basil (3), 641 (3), magnus (3), gratian (3), martinian (3), maximian (3), carinus (3), diadumenian (3), pertinax (3), trajan (3), titus (3), 455 (3), 193 (3), 192 (3), 2020 (3), london (3), journal (3), papacy (3), 1995 (3), ostrogorsky (3), 1957 (3), david (3), 1992 (3), life (3), visions (3), testament (3), des (3), april (3), 138 (3), 1958 (3), kayser (3), 2023 (3), muslim (3), loewenstein (3), child (3), kelly (3), hug (3), 565 (3), centuries (3), 1901 (3), greenidge (3), 2010 (3), 5218 (3), takács (3), 2nd (3), blackwell (3), eck (3), 2009 (3), wiley (3), aguilera (3), barchet (3), explicitly (3), roger (3), van (3), 8840 (3), politics (3), tenure (3), 0044 (3), 2006 (3), 2015 (3), calls (3), books (3), 133 (3), coinage (3), discussion (3), european (3), tsar (3), ceremonies (3), original (3), 264 (3), christianity (3), much (3), 112 (3), notes (3), 145 (3), 101 (3), paschale (3), 117 (3), era (3), imperio (3), vespasiani (3), 800 (3), 287 (3), 288 (3), months (3), augusti (3), four (3), previous (3), 285 (3), rather (3), references (3), indicate (3), referring (3), while (3), και (3), technically (3), conquests (3), rûm (3), immediately (3), divided (3), brother (3), again (3), reunited (3), maintained (3), assumed (3), joint (3), ended (3), senatorial (3), erator (3), aug (3), ustus (3), victory (3), attempted (3), noster (3), officially (3), 9th (3), simply (3), forced (3), βασιλεύς (3), αὐτοκράτωρ (3), ῥωμαίων (3), lord (3), why (3), form (3), 111 (3), remained (3), sacred (3), rites (3), religious (3), generally (3), bulgaria (3), nomen (3), appellation (3), hailed (3), command (3), triumph (3), attested (3), refer (3), 103 (3), traditionally (3), ruling (3), long (3), absolute (3), 7th (3), series (3), including (3), head (3), regnal (3), true (3), soon (3), germanic (3), 480 (3), real (3), seen (3), principle (3), reforms (3), derived (3), developments (3), has (3), yet (3), briefly (3), adoptive (3), troops (3), 5th (3), maintain (3), hold (3), act (3), magistrate (3), maius (3), confirmed (3), position (3), create (3), tools (3), subsection (3), add (2), table (2), contact (2), privacy (2), policy (2), available (2), wikimedia (2), commons (2), rendered (2), categories (2), maint (2), publisher (2), location (2), pages (2), image (2), description (2), wikidata (2), disestablishments (2), https (2), index (2), relations (2), tribunes (2), legacy (2), institutions (2), dynasties (2), cities (2), topics (2), plutarch (2), diogenes (2), appian (2), paterculus (2), tertullian (2), seneca (2), rufus (2), petronius (2), marcellus (2), livy (2), lactantius (2), paulus (2), jerome (2), eutropius (2), ecclesiastical (2), contemporary (2), roads (2), engineering (2), technology (2), adoption (2), tribes (2), society (2), literature (2), pater (2), frontiers (2), decemviri (2), interrex (2), promagistrate (2), aedile (2), quaestor (2), praetor (2), militum (2), lictor (2), vigintisexviri (2), vicarius (2), praefectus (2), officium (2), dux (2), legatus (2), collegiality (2), cursus (2), honorum (2), citizenship (2), mos (2), maiorum (2), twelve (2), spqr (2), tribal (2), centuriate (2), curiate (2), legislative (2), assemblies (2), timeline (2), indicates (2), 1224 (2), 286 (2), britannic (2), 274 (2), gallic (2), vatatzes (2), isaac (2), lekapenos (2), staurakios (2), rangabe (2), marcian (2), arcadius (2), attalus (2), eugenius (2), vetranio (2), nepotianus (2), magnentius (2), maxentius (2), galerius (2), numerian (2), aurelian (2), gallienus (2), valerian (2), balbinus (2), pupienus (2), macrinus (2), verus (2), hadrian (2), regnant (2), thessalonica (2), 1261 (2), 363 (2), constantinian (2), 293 (2), antonine (2), julio (2), tree (2), imperatoribus (2), romanis (2), andrew (2), civilis (2), s2cid (2), 299114 (2), 2307 (2), 1978 (2), american (2), 127 (2), chronicle (2), haldon (2), legend (2), nicol (2), donald (2), scholars (2), messages (2), cornell (2), 8014 (2), 6911 (2), how (2), york (2), andreas (2), 1502 (2), vienna (2), 143 (2), leiden (2), 0042 (2), appropriation (2), titulature (2), high (2), ágoston (2), gábor (2), reading (2), williams (2), 1997 (2), 4159 (2), taylor (2), francis (2), 3519 (2), historical (2), introduction (2), nomenclature (2), syme (2), 1988 (2), karl (2), institutional (2), context (2), springer (2), 3191 (2), tradition (2), meaghan (2), 300 (2), heather (2), macmillan (2), elements (2), 4238646 (2), hammond (2), goldsworthy (2), galinsky (2), link (2), 4051 (2), elizabeth (2), 5212 (2), edward (2), timothy (2), literary (2), harvard (2), 1993 (2), altinate (2), chicago (2), epiphanius (2), weights (2), measures (2), version (2), 354 (2), 3178 (2), masties (2), theoderic (2), fouracre (2), identity (2), tricht (2), filip (2), renovatio (2), 1228 (2), grierson (2), catalogue (2), collection (2), joseph (2), 375 (2), 147 (2), loyalty (2), ten (2), establishment (2), writing (2), forty (2), dates (2), jure (2), res (2), gestae (2), 352 (2), 355 (2), southern (2), 1345 (2), 196 (2), 349 (2), der (2), administrative (2), north (2), carolina (2), uses (2), kołodziejczyk (2), dariusz (2), universal (2), britannica (2), caesaropapism (2), idea (2), house (2), six (2), richard (2), 2004 (2), arabs (2), demo (2), željko (2), shadow (2), 408 (2), 199 (2), 126 (2), 189 (2), 141 (2), 131 (2), museum (2), asia (2), minor (2), encyclopaedia (2), 266 (2), post (2), 2019 (2), chronological (2), 118 (2), encyclopedia (2), evolution (2), 119 (2), reigned (2), kings (2), random (2), founder (2), 279 (2), citations (2), inscription (2), refers (2), initially (2), eight (2), kaisar (2), reflected (2), lines (2), wise (2), augusta (2), ρωμαιων (2), speaking (2), inhabitants (2), regarding (2), turks (2), entire (2), honorary (2), children (2), consulate (2), reads (2), dedicated (2), conqueror (2), priest (2), antonini (2), pii (2), magistracy (2), subordinate (2), planned (2), past (2), failure (2), gemellus (2), britannicus (2), cult (2), italian (2), portal (2), make (2), work (2), filocalus (2), count (2), mentioned (2), rebels (2), tyrants (2), information (2), claiming (2), attempt (2), restore (2), refused (2), actively (2), requested (2), nor (2), regalia (2), theodoric (2), assertions (2), 629 (2), shortened (2), resulting (2), typically (2), acclaimed (2), recognize (2), crowned (2), patriarch (2), applied (2), translation (2), reserved (2), result (2), opposed (2), coin (2), 886 (2), 912 (2), beyond (2), giving (2), describes (2), raised (2), survived (2), member (2), implies (2), 110 (2), equals (2), pompey (2), according (2), honorable (2), anything (2), august (2), highest (2), flavius (2), increased (2), slowly (2), decades (2), started (2), finally (2), character (2), prominent (2), figures (2), synonym (2), certain (2), countries (2), ius (2), days (2), came (2), 109 (2), appear (2), 106 (2), cognomen (2), documents (2), addressed (2), monarchical (2), rejected (2), regularly (2), 105 (2), imperatoris (2), back (2), soldiers (2), honor (2), possession (2), general (2), sulla (2), vespasianus (2), denarius (2), ottomans (2), right (2), sultans (2), line (2), three (2), recovered (2), 1282 (2), onwards (2), modified (2), reduced (2), mostly (2), battle (2), vestiges (2), subject (2), where (2), coronation (2), open (2), actually (2), created (2), colleague (2), distinct (2), included (2), romaíon (2), heartland (2), lombards (2), defeated (2), pepin (2), actual (2), pope (2), 527 (2), empress (2), 797 (2), kingdoms (2), former (2), little (2), left (2), exercise (2), legally (2), divisions (2), retired (2), collapsed (2), increasingly (2), officials (2), administration (2), point (2), traditions (2), start (2), praetorian (2), chosen (2), god (2), established (2), top (2), set (2), appoint (2), depended (2), killed (2), regime (2), symbol (2), what (2), defined (2), criteria (2), receiving (2), claims (2), propaganda (2), reality (2), retroactively (2), actions (2), here (2), legitimize (2), nominally (2), without (2), very (2), secure (2), openly (2), declare (2), candidates (2), sessions (2), propose (2), whenever (2), mention (2), chief (2), perpetual (2), whereas (2), protector (2), sacrosanctity (2), stable (2), important (2), renewed (2), consulship (2), allies (2), will (2), specific (2), limits (2), automatically (2), consultum (2), 330 (2), 509 (2), inheritance (2), disappeared (2), alone (2), january (2), though (2), triumvirate (2), return (2), granting (2), lineage (2), opposition (2), background (2), claimant (2), special (2), theoretically (2), appearance (2), upload (2), file (2), changes (2), read (2), bahasa (2), log (2), account (2), donate (2), menu (2), topic, mobile, cookie, statement, statistics, developers, code, conduct, safety, contacts, disclaimers, additional, apply, site, you, agree, registered, trademark, non, profit, organization, inc, creative, attribution, sharealike, license, parsoid, edited, 2026, utc, hidden, auto, scaled, turkish, 1500, 1928, positions, 15th, 20s, establishments, php, roman_emperor, oldid, 1375493967, revolts, battles, iranian, quaestors, praetors, pontifices, maximi, nomina, magistri, legions, geographers, gentes, film, fiction, distinguished, dictators, climate, towns, volubilis, vindobona, smyrna, roma, pompeii, mediolanum, lutetia, lugdunum, londinium, leptis, magna, eboracum, constantinopolis, carthage, bononia, berytus, aquileia, antioch, alexandria, major, zosimus, zonaras, theodoret, themistius, strabo, stephanus, byzantinus, sozomen, simplicius, cilicia, porphyrius, polybius, polyaenus, photius, phlegon, tralles, philostratus, pausanias, lucian, libanius, josephus, herodian, galen, eusebius, caesaria, dioscorides, dionysius, halicarnassus, laertius, diodorus, siculus, arrian, aëtius, amida, aelian, vitruvius, vergil, verrius, flaccus, velleius, varro, antias, tibullus, terence, symmachus, statius, silius, italicus, sidonius, apollinaris, sallust, quintus, curtius, quintilian, quadrigarius, propertius, priscian, pomponius, mela, plautus, phaedrus, ovid, orosius, obsequens, nonius, nicolaus, damascenus, martial, manilius, empiricus, macrobius, lucretius, lucan, juvenal, jordanes, hyginus, hydatius, horace, gellius, fulgentius, fronto, frontinus, florus, sextus, pompeius, fabius, pictor, ennius, cornelius, columella, cicero, censorinus, cassiodorus, catullus, boëthius, ausonius, augustine, asconius, pedianus, appuleius, ammianus, marcellinus, aelius, donatus, romance, versions, neo, vulgar, alphabet, thermae, theatres, temples, ships, sanitation, numerals, metallurgy, domes, concrete, circuses, bridges, aqueducts, amphitheatres, hippodrome, factions, bagaudae, slavery, marriage, demography, naming, conventions, patronage, assembly, equites, secessio, plebis, conflict, orders, patricians, wine, toys, games, theatre, spectacles, sexuality, romanization, deities, religion, mythology, music, hairstyles, folklore, familias, education, cuisine, cosmetics, clothing, calendar, bathing, architecture, poverty, finance, commerce, deforestation, agriculture, economy, hippika, gymnasia, decorations, punishments, auxiliaries, navy, warfare, engines, equipment, infantry, tactics, legion, castra, fortifications, strategy, campaigns, structural, borders, province, optimates, populares, forum, curia, litigation, status, tables, executive, overthrow, outline, italics, underlining, variously, augustae, 1242, thessalonian, trapezuntine, 296, 271, 273, palmyrene, matthew, kantakouzenos, anna, nicholas, botaneiates, konstantios, eudokia, makrembolitissa, bringas, theodora, monomachos, argyros, zoe, tzimiskes, phokas, christopher, thekla, theophilos, theophylact, artabasdos, philippicus, leontius, heraclonas, phocas, maurice, basiliscus, glycerius, olybrius, anthemius, majorian, avitus, joannes, domitius, probus, florianus, quintillus, saloninus, silbannacus, aemilianus, volusianus, hostilian, trebonianus, gallus, licinian, herennius, etruscus, decius, elagabalus, geta, didius, julianus, otho, 1246, despots, 378, theodosian, 364, 392, valentinianic, 313, tetrarchies, 297, 268, illyrian, 244, barracks, severan, flavian, kelley, ross, decadence, romania, weren, reflections, website, üre, pinar, tauris, 7883, 1012, reclaiming, turkey, archaeological, middle, 19th, wallace, hadrill, citizen, 162347650, 0075, 4358, philadelphia, philosophical, 87169, levant, 1571, fifteenth, setton, kenneth, scarre, chris, thames, hudson, 5000, 5077, record, hussey, joan, brunswick, rutgers, nicolle, turnbull, osprey, 78989635, 8460, 3200, 5115, 8369, immortal, 1967, 339, 315, moustakas, konstantinos, theories, lymberopoulou, angeliki, farnham, ashgate, 4094, 0776, meanings, presented, leslie, brubaker, millar, fergus, 1977, 1058, 337, kumar, krishan, 9280, regimes, shaped, freiberg, jack, 4297, bramante, tempietto, spanish, enepekides, 1960, das, wiener, vom, munich, beck, 761003148, akten, internat, byzantinisten, kongresses, çolak, hasan, hadjianastasis, marios, 8351, imagination, honour, rhoads, murphey, disdain, negligence, fasiliyus, tekfur, christoforou, panayiotis, 0093, 6249, imagining, perceptions, 5932, 1985, 1827, recovery, thomas, glyn, 5891, olga, 1349, 0801, study, 188, 4434568, 175, historia, ronald, california, 5203, 7110, adrastos, 2482, hague, netherlands, martinus, nijhof, 0247, 1458, governance, 3518, 8841, 2268, origins, 6481, 367, benjamin, angela, 0090, 8151, 1950, 4652, olivier, 0092, 2679, rules, changing, pan, 3304, 9136, memoirs, academy, mason, adrian, 3001, 6426, yale, superpower, 0796, citation, sarolta, deborah, lucas, schneider, 5149, werner, depalma, 3594, 1889, 4861, 4338, dover, publications, 6430, alan, griffin, miriam, 4443, 0845, bruno, 1803, nation, 6742, 8066, 9780674280670, tipografia, del, senato, 1067434891, origo, civitatum, italie, seu, venetiarum, gradense, cessi, roberto, dean, james, elmer, 1935, 912074, treatise, syriac, chronography, breviarum, moorhead, 9879, martindale, 1980, 0159, 734, prosopography, collins, 4707, 5456, visigothic, spain, 409, 711, arnold, jonathan, 5440, restoration, mckitterick, rosamond, abulafia, 5213, 6291, 500, 700, amory, patrick, 5215, 2635, ostrogothic, 489, 554, 0392, 357, bellinger, alfred, raymond, 2261, whittemore, madariaga, isabel, 8190, eighteenth, roisman, worthington, ian, 7936, macedonia, 443, rees, 4918, layers, panegyric, 289, 307, triumvirs, day, june, july, counts, salmon, togo, 1968, psychology, 4150, 4504, drocourt, nicolas, 9924, 234, 900, book, annals, patricia, 8949, strothmann, meret, bochum, pauly, novela, jus, graeco, romanum, rösch, gerhard, byzantina, neograeca, vindobonensia, verlag, österreichischen, akademie, wissenschaften, 7001, 0260, onoma, basileias, 1080, 8150, ninth, univ, 8078, 3063, 225, forgetting, disgrace, oblivion, harriet, flower, pagán, victoria, emma, bloomsbury, 7867, 3132, 930, 1660, cil, washington, 467, 456, nicephorus, 717, 1081, translates, 39ff, sutherland, spink, 9126, 6736, barrett, 1346, 0988, corruption, foster, russell, 3175, 9307, mapping, tabulae, imperii, europaei, lead, hornblower, simon, spawforth, eidinow, esther, 729, 4556, 1093, acrefore, 9780199381135, 013, 3268, 728, fibiger, bang, 1139136952, comparative, approach, representation, eurasian, khan, caliph, identities, sultan, 0691159324, jeffreys, cormack, robin, 5246, 291, handbook, 1047, encyclopædia, autocracy, magdalino, kaldellis, siniossoglou
Text of the page (random words):
k dariusz 2012 khan caliph tsar and imperator the multiple identities of the ottoman sultan in fibiger bang peter kołodziejczyk dariusz eds universal empire a comparative approach to imperial culture and representation in eurasian history cambridge cambridge university press isbn 978 1139136952 1 2 3 4 hornblower simon spawforth antony eidinow esther 2012 imperator the oxford classical dictionary pp 728 729 doi 10 1093 acrefore 9780199381135 013 3268 isbn 978 0 1995 4556 8 1 2 for a discussion of imperium and imperator see foster russell 2015 all roads lead to rome mapping european empire tabulae imperii europaei routledge pp 11 52 isbn 978 1 3175 9307 2 1 2 syme 1958 barrett anthony a 2002 caligula the corruption of power routledge p 53 isbn 978 1 1346 0988 8 sutherland c h v 2018 roman imperial coinage vol 1 spink books p 133 isbn 978 1 9126 6736 9 1 2 hammond 1957 1 2 paterculus ii 80 90 for example only uses princeps but the english text translates the word directly as emperor livy i 19 calls augustus imperator once but he also uses the term when writing about other generals ii 39ff 1 2 3 greenidge 1901 pp 352 355 grierson philip 1973 catalogue of byzantine coins vol 3 leo iii to nicephorus iii 717 1081 washington d c dumbarton oaks pp 456 467 isbn 0 8840 2012 6 cil 2 1660 6 930 tiberius is sometimes called tiberius julius caesar instead of the more common tiberius caesar loewenstein 1973 p 349 pagán victoria emma 2017 tacitus bloomsbury publishing pp 28 30 isbn 978 1 7867 3132 6 harriet i flower 2006 the art of forgetting disgrace oblivion in roman political culture univ of north carolina press p 225 isbn 978 0 8078 3063 5 bury j b 2015 the imperial administrative system in the ninth century cambridge university press p 35 isbn 978 1 1080 8150 4 kazhdan 1991 p 363 rösch gerhard 1978 onoma basileias byzantina et neograeca vindobonensia in german verlag der österreichischen akademie der wissenschaften pp 49 50 isbn 978 3 7001 0260 1 novela 1 in jus graeco romanum iii p 67 loewenstein 1973 p 349 strothmann meret bochum 2006 10 01 augustus 2 brill s new pauly suetonius augustus 7 southern patricia 2013 augustus routledge p 196 isbn 978 1 1345 8949 4 tacitus annals book ii 62 90 drocourt nicolas 2021 a companion to byzantium and the west 900 1204 brill p 234 isbn 978 9 0044 9924 9 salmon edward togo 1968 a history of the roman world from 30 b c to a d 138 psychology press p 11 isbn 978 0 4150 4504 9 greenidge 1901 pp 352 355 res gestae i 7 for ten years in succession i was one of the triumvirs for the re establishment of the constitution to the day of writing this june july ad 14 i have been princeps senatus for forty years augustus thus dates his tenure as princeps from 27 bc he also only counts his de jure tenure as triumvir rees roger 2002 layers of loyalty in latin panegyric ad 289 307 oxford university press pp 146 147 isbn 978 0 1992 4918 3 goldsworthy 2010 p 443 roisman joseph worthington ian 2010 a companion to ancient macedonia john wiley sons p 375 isbn 978 1 4051 7936 2 madariaga isabel de 2014 politics and culture in eighteenth century russia routledge pp 17 18 isbn 978 1 3178 8190 2 bellinger alfred raymond grierson philip 1973 catalogue of the byzantine coins in the dumbarton oaks collection and in the whittemore collection dumbarton oaks p 96 isbn 978 0 8840 2261 9 tricht filip van 2011 the latin renovatio of byzantium the empire of constantinople 1204 1228 brill pp 357 isbn 978 9 0042 0392 1 1 2 amory patrick 2003 people and identity in ostrogothic italy 489 554 cambridge university press pp 59 isbn 978 0 5215 2635 7 fouracre paul mckitterick rosamond abulafia david 1995 the new cambridge medieval history volume 1 c 500 c 700 cambridge university press p 146 isbn 978 0 5213 6291 7 arnold jonathan j 2014 theoderic and the roman imperial restoration cambridge university press pp 72 77 100 104 isbn 978 1 1070 5440 0 collins roger 2008 visigothic spain 409 711 john wiley sons pp 35 36 isbn 978 0 4707 5456 6 martindale john r 1980 masties the prosopography of the later roman empire volume 2 cambridge university press p 734 isbn 0 5212 0159 4 moorhead john 2013 justinian routledge p 85 isbn 978 1 3178 9879 5 breviarum in de imperatoribus romanis chronography of 354 ad part 16 chronicle of the city of rome tertullian org dean james elmer 1935 epiphanius treatise on weights and measures the syriac version the university of chicago press pp 28 39 oclc 912074 cessi roberto ed 1993 origo civitatum italie seu venetiarum chronicon altinate et chronicon gradense tipografia del senato pp 102 104 oclc 1067434891 omissi 2018 pp 3 33 barnes timothy d 1982 the new empire of diocletian and constantine p 15 doi 10 4159 harvard 9780674280670 isbn 978 0 6742 8066 3 literary sources explicitly style him caesar the coins augustus sources edit aguilera barchet bruno 2014 a history of western public law between nation and state springer isbn 978 3 3191 1803 1 barnes timothy 2009 the first emperor the view of late antiquity in griffin miriam ed a companion to julius caesar john wiley sons isbn 978 1 4443 0845 7 bowman alan k champlin edward lintott andrew eds 1996 the cambridge ancient history volume x the augustan empire 43 b c a d 69 cambridge cambridge university press isbn 978 0 5212 6430 3 bury j b 2012 1889 history of the later roman empire vol 1 dover publications isbn 978 0 4861 4338 5 digeser elizabeth depalma 2000 the making of a christian empire lactantius rome cornell university press isbn 978 0 8014 3594 2 eck werner takács sarolta a 2007 the age of augustus translated by deborah lucas schneider 2nd ed oxford blackwell publishing isbn 978 1 4051 5149 8 citation cs1 maint publisher location link galinsky karl 2005 the cambridge companion to the age of augustus cambridge university press isbn 978 0 5218 0796 8 retrieved 2011 08 03 goldsworthy adrian 2010 how rome fell death of a superpower yale university press isbn 978 0 3001 6426 8 greenidge a h j 1901 roman public life london macmillan co hammond mason 1957 imperial elements in the formula of the roman emperors during the first two and a half centuries of the empire memoirs of the american academy in rome 25 19 64 doi 10 2307 4238646 jstor 4238646 heather peter 2005 the fall of the roman empire pan macmillan isbn 978 0 3304 9136 5 retrieved 2011 08 03 hekster olivier 2022 caesar rules the emperor in the changing roman world c 50 bc ad 565 cambridge university press isbn 978 1 0092 2679 0 kazhdan alexander ed 1991 oxford dictionary of byzantium oxford university press isbn 978 0 1950 4652 6 kelly benjamin hug angela eds 2022 the roman emperor and his court c 30 bc c ad 300 vol 1 cambridge cambridge university press isbn 978 1 0090 8151 1 mcevoy meaghan 2013 child emperor rule in the late roman west ad 367 455 oxford university press isbn 978 0 1996 6481 8 mousourakis george 2014 roman law and the origins of the civil law tradition springer isbn 978 3 3191 2268 7 mousourakis george 2017 the historical and institutional context of roman law routledge isbn 978 1 3518 8841 7 loewenstein karl 1973 the governance of rome the hague netherlands martinus nijhof isbn 978 9 0247 1458 2 omissi adrastos 2018 emperors and usurpers in the later roman empire oxford university press pp 3 33 isbn 978 0 1988 2482 4 petit paul 2022 pax romana university of california press isbn 978 0 5203 7110 1 sandys john 1921 a companion to latin studies 3rd ed cambridge university press syme ronald 1958 imperator caesar a study in nomenclature historia vol 7 no 2 pp 175 188 jstor 4434568 tellegen couperus olga 2002 a short history of roman law routledge isbn 978 1 1349 0801 1 watkin thomas glyn 2017 an historical introduction to modern civil law taylor francis isbn 978 1 3519 5891 2 williams stephen 1997 1985 diocletian and the roman recovery new york routledge isbn 978 0 4159 1827 5 retrieved 2011 08 03 further reading edit ágoston gábor 2021 the last muslim conquest princeton princeton university press isbn 978 0 6911 5932 4 christoforou panayiotis 2023 imagining the roman emperor perceptions of rulers in the high empire cambridge cambridge university press isbn 978 1 0093 6249 8 çolak hasan 2014 tekfur fasiliyus and kayser disdain negligence and appropriation of byzantine imperial titulature in the ottoman world in hadjianastasis marios ed frontiers of the ottoman imagination studies in honour of rhoads murphey leiden brill isbn 978 9 0042 8351 0 enepekides p k 1960 das wiener testament des andreas palaiologos vom 7 april 1502 the vienna testament of andreas palaiologos from 7 april 1502 akten des 11 internat byzantinisten kongresses 1958 in german munich c h beck pp 138 143 oclc 761003148 freiberg jack 2014 bramante s tempietto the roman renaissance and the spanish crown new york cambridge university press isbn 978 1 1070 4297 1 kumar krishan 2017 visions of empire how five imperial regimes shaped the world princeton princeton university press isbn 978 0 6911 9280 2 millar fergus 1977 the emperor in the roman world 31 bc ad 337 cornell university press isbn 978 0 8014 1058 1 moustakas konstantinos 2011 byzantine visions of the ottoman empire theories of ottoman legitimacy by byzantine scholars after the fall of constantinople in lymberopoulou angeliki ed images of the byzantine world visions messages and meanings studies presented to leslie brubaker farnham ashgate isbn 978 1 4094 0776 8 nicol donald m 1967 the byzantine view of western europe greek roman and byzantine studies 8 4 315 339 nicol donald m 1992 the immortal emperor the life and legend of constantine palaiologos last emperor of the romans cambridge cambridge university press isbn 978 0 5115 8369 8 nicolle david haldon john turnbull stephen 2007 the fall of constantinople the ottoman conquest of byzantium osprey publishing isbn 978 1 8460 3200 4 oclc 78989635 ostrogorsky george 1957 history of the byzantine state translated by hussey joan new brunswick rutgers university press scarre chris chronicle of the roman emperors the reign by reign record of the rulers of imperial rome london thames hudson 1995 isbn 0 5000 5077 5 setton kenneth m 1978 the papacy and the levant 1204 1571 volume ii the fifteenth century vol 2 philadelphia the american philosophical society isbn 0 87169 127 2 wallace hadrill andrew 1982 civilis princeps between citizen and king the journal of roman studies 72 32 48 doi 10 2307 299114 issn 0075 4358 jstor 299114 s2cid 162347650 üre pinar 2020 reclaiming byzantium russia turkey and the archaeological claim to the middle east in the 19th century london i b tauris isbn 978 1 7883 1012 3 external links edit website of de imperatoribus romanis decadence rome and romania and the emperors who weren t and other reflections on roman history by kelley l ross v t e roman emperors by time period list of roman emperors roman empire family tree early principate crisis of the third century dominate western roman empire and eastern roman empire julio claudian dynasty 27 bc ad 68 year of the 4 emperors 68 69 flavian dynasty 69 96 nerva antonine dynasty 96 192 year of the 5 emperors 192 193 severan dynasty 193 235 barracks emperors 235 284 year of the 6 emperors 238 gordian dynasty 238 244 illyrian emperors 268 284 gallic emperors 260 274 britannic emperors 286 297 tetrarchies 293 313 constantinian dynasty 305 363 valentinianic dynasty 364 392 theodosian dynasty 378 455 western roman emperors 395 476 eastern roman byzantine emperors 395 1453 emperors of nicaea 1204 1261 emperors of trebizond 1204 1461 emperors despots of thessalonica 1224 1246 v t e roman and byzantine emperors and empresses regnant principate 27 bc ad 235 augustus tiberius caligula claudius nero galba otho vitellius vespasian titus domitian nerva trajan hadrian antoninus pius marcus aurelius lucius verus commodus pertinax didius julianus septimius severus caracalla geta macrinus w diadumenian elagabalus severus alexander crisis 235 284 maximinus i gordian i gordian ii pupienus balbinus gordian iii philip i w philip ii decius w herennius etruscus licinian trebonianus gallus w hostilian volusianus aemilianus silbannacus valerian gallienus w saloninus claudius ii quintillus aurelian tacitus florianus probus carus carinus numerian later roman empire 284 641 diocletian maximian galerius constantius i severus ii constantine i maxentius domitius alexander licinius maximinus ii valerius valens martinian constantine ii constantius ii constans i magnentius nepotianus vetranio julian jovian valentinian i valens procopius gratian theodosius i valentinian ii magnus maximus w victor eugenius western empire 395 476 honorius constantine iii w constans ii priscus attalus constantius iii joannes valentinian iii petronius maximus avitus majorian severus iii anthemius olybrius glycerius julius nepos romulus augustulus eastern empire 395 641 arcadius theodosius ii marcian leo i leo ii zeno basiliscus w marcus anastasius i justin i justinian i justin ii tiberius ii constantine maurice w theodosius phocas heraclius eastern byzantine empire 641 1453 constantine iii heraclonas w tiberius constans ii constantine iv w heraclius tiberius justinian ii leontius tiberius iii justinian ii w tiberius iv philippicus anastasius ii theodosius iii leo iii constantine v artabasdos w nikephoros leo iv constantine vi irene nikephoros i staurakios michael i rangabe w theophylact staurakios leo v w constantine michael ii theophilos w constantine michael iii w thekla basil i w constantine leo vi alexander constantine vii romanos i lekapenos w christopher romanos stephen constantine lekapenos romanos ii nikephoros ii phokas john i tzimiskes basil ii constantine viii zoe romanos iii argyros michael iv michael v constantine ix monomachos theodora michael vi bringas isaac i komnenos constantine x doukas eudokia makrembolitissa romanos iv diogenes w leo nikephoros michael vii doukas w andronikos konstantios constantine doukas nikephoros iii botaneiates alexios i komnenos john ii komnenos w alexios manuel i komnenos alexios ii komnenos andronikos i komnenos w john isaac ii angelos alexios iii angelos john komnenos alexios iv angelos alexios v doukas theodore i laskaris w nicholas john iii vatatzes theodore ii laskaris john iv doukas laskaris michael viii palaiologos andronikos ii palaiologos w irene michael ix palaiologos andronikos iii palaiologos john v palaiologos w anna john vi kantakouzenos w matthew andronikos iv palaiologos john vii palaiologos w andronikos v manuel ii palaiologos john viii palaiologos constantine xi palaiologos related gallic emperors 260 274 palmyrene emperors 271 273 britannic emperors 286 296 trapezuntine emperors 1204 1461 thessalonian emperors 1224 1242 empresses augustae usurpers classical eastern italics indicates a junior co emperor underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper v t e ancient rome topics outline timeline index history foundation kingdom overthrow republic empire history pax romana principate dominate western empire f...
|
