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listed in the least developed country group it serves as a regional commercial and trade centre the government s decade long efforts supported by the world bank and the international monetary fund imf to carry out economic reforms to encourage investments and to create the balance between income and consumption has stalled political unrest including private and public sector strikes throughout 1992 and 1993 jeopardised the reform programme shrank the tax base and disrupted economic activities in the country citation needed togo was ranked 117th in the global innovation index in 2025 85 86 it imports machinery equipment petroleum products and food its main import partners are france 21 1 the netherlands 12 1 côte d ivoire 5 9 germany 4 6 italy 4 4 south africa 4 3 and china 4 1 the main exports are cocoa coffee re export of goods phosphates and cotton major export partners are burkina faso 16 6 china 15 4 the netherlands 13 benin 9 6 and mali 7 4 fishermen in terms of structural reforms it has made progress in the liberalisation of the economy namely in the fields of trade and port activities the privatisation programme of the cotton sector telecommunications and water supply has stalled on 12 january 1994 the devaluation of the currency by 50 provided an impetus to renewed structural adjustment these efforts were facilitated by the end of strife in 1994 and a return to overt political calm progress depends on increased openness in government financial operations to accommodate increased social service outlays and possible downsizing of the armed forces on which the regime has depended to stay in place lack of aid and depressed cocoa prices generated a 1 fall in gdp in 1998 with growth resuming in 1999 togo is a member of the organization for the harmonization of business law in africa ohada 87 agriculture is the backbone of the economy 17 a shortage of funds for the purchase of irrigation equipment and fertilisers has reduced agricultural output agriculture generated 28 2 of gdp in 2012 and employed 49 of the working population in 2010 the country is essentially self sufficient in food production livestock production is dominated by cattle breeding 88 89 mining generated about 33 9 of gdp in 2012 and employed 12 of the population in 2010 togo s gold production in 2015 is 16 metric tons 90 togo has the fourth largest phosphate deposits in the world their production is 2 1 million tons per year there are reserves of limestone marble and salt industry provides 20 4 of togo s national income as it consists of light industries and builders some reserves of limestone allow togo to produce cement 88 91 transport edit main article transport in togo road edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed october 2024 learn how and when to remove this message togo has a road network of 7 520 km 4 670 mi as of 2000 with no updated data as of 2023 it has only two major highways highway n1 and n2 connecting the capital lomé with the city of dapaong where it gets diverged northwards to burkina faso and from there north west to mali and north east to niger n1 is the longest highway of togo at a length of 613 km 381 mi n2 connects lomé with aneho the extension of n2 is highway rnie1 or the trans west african coastal highway from aneho to cotonou in benin other roads and highways are local and regional roads in the rest of the country also passing through borders with the neighbouring countries the trans west african coastal highway crosses togo connecting it to benin and nigeria to the east and ghana and ivory coast to the west once the construction in liberia and sierra leone part gets completed the highway will continue west to seven other economic community of west african states ecowas nations railways edit railway network of togo togo has a railway network of 568 km 353 mi as of 2008 with no further updates in the network as of 2023 it follows a track gauge of 1 000 mm 3 ft 3 3 8 in narrow gauge trains are operated by société nationale des chemins de fer togolais snct which was established as a result of the restructuring and renaming of réseau des chemins de fer du togo from 1997 to 1998 92 between hahotoé and the port of kpémé the compagnie togolaise des mines du bénin ctmb operated phosphate trains 92 a train from lomé to kpalimé at an intermediate station the following are the railway networks present in the country lomé aného railway lomé blitta railway lomé kpalimé railway hahotoé kpémé railway operated by ctmb 92 air edit lomé tokoin international airport this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed november 2025 learn how and when to remove this message togo has a total of seven airports of which two are international airports and six are domestic airports the primary international airport is lomé tokoin international airport iata lfw icao dxxx officially named gnassingbé eyadéma international airport located northeast of lomé city centre 93 in 2016 a new 21 000 square meter terminal backed by a us 150 million investment was opened tripling the airport s handling capacity to up to 2 million passengers per year 94 in 2024 passenger traffic reached approximately 1 5 million representing as 6 2 increasing over 2023 with further growth projected 95 the airport ranks among the top 50 busiest airport in africa and records approximately 18 200 aircraft movement annually 95 the main carrier at lomé tokoin is asky airlines a private pan african airline headquartered in lomé with its operational hub at the airport founded in 2010 with support from airlines asky serves more than 30 destinations across west central east and southern africa making lomé an important regional aviation hub 96 in march 2024 togo airline commenced operation with its inaugural flight at lomé tokoin marking a new stage in the country s civil aviation development 97 the second international airport is niamtougou international airport ata lrl icao dxng located in baga 4km north of the town of niamtougou in the kara region serving the northern part of the country the airport opened in 1981 features a 2 000 m x 45 m runway and is primarily used for military and government aviation five smaller domestic airstrips serve other regions of the country including akpaka airport near atakpamé djangou airport near dapaong sansanné mango airport sokodé airport and kolokope airport water edit port of lomé this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed november 2025 learn how and when to remove this message togo in terms of water transport is only 50 km 31 mi navigable mostly seasonally on the mono river depending on rainfall as of 2011 togo has only one large container port for carrying trade operations in and out of the country the port of lomé in the capital telecommunication edit togo s telecommunications has expanded and the country has emerged as one of the leading nations for mobile internet quality in the west africa as of early 2024 approximately 6 91 million cellular mobile connections were active in togo equivalent to 75 7 of the total populations the international telecommunication union itu reported that active mobile broadband subscriptions reached 45 3 per 100 people in 2024 and that 59 3 of the population owned a mobile cellular telephone in the same year 98 the mobile network operators are moov africa togo maroc telecom moov africa group and yas togo formerly known ae togocel owned by togo telecom a state enterprise demographics edit main article demographics of togo population 15 16 year million 1950 1 4 2000 5 0 2021 8 6 the november 2010 census gave togo a population of 6 191 155 more than double the total counted in the last census in 2022 the togo population was 8 680 832 99 that census taken in 1981 showed the nation had a population of 2 719 567 the capital lomé grew from 375 499 in 1981 to 837 437 in 2010 when the urban population of surrounding golfe prefecture is added the lomé agglomeration contained 1 477 660 residents in 2010 100 101 other cities in togo according to the new census were sokodé 95 070 kara 94 878 kpalimé 75 084 atakpamé 69 261 dapaong 58 071 and tsévié 54 474 with an estimated population of 8 644 829 as of 2021 update togo is the 107th largest country by population most of the population 65 live in rural villages dedicated to agriculture or pastures the population of togo shows a stronger growth from 1961 the year after independence to 2003 it quintupled 100 101 largest cities or towns in togo according to the 2022 census 102 rank name region pop 1 lomé maritime 2 188 376 2 kara kara 158 090 3 dapaong savanes 117 675 4 sokodé centrale 115 442 5 atakpamé plateaux 98 193 6 kpalimé plateaux 87 478 7 tsévié maritime 76 861 8 anié plateaux 61 068 9 cinkassé savanes 56 830 10 notsé plateaux 49 143 ethnic groups edit people in the 1980s in togo there are about 40 different ethnic groups the most numerous of which are the ewe in the south who make up 32 of the population along the southern coastline they account for 21 of the population also found are kotokoli or tem and tchamba in the centre and the kabye people in the north 22 the ouatchis fr are 14 of the population sometimes the ewes and ouatchis are considered the same while the french who studied both groups considered them different people 103 other ethnic groups include the mina mossi the moba and bassar the tchokossi of mango about 8 non africans include french people and portuguese people 104 the adele people edit the adele who call themselves bédéré speak gédéré a language of the gur family 105 their villages number about twenty divided between eastern ghana and the western edge of togo s blitta prefecture according to their oral tradition in the original village of dibemkpa the deity ouroubwaré lowered four men and three women from the sky who brought essential skills such as pottery spinning basketry forging and weaving over time new migrations spread the community to dikpéléou site of the nayo shrine and then into multiple villages founded by different lineages 105 adélé settlements are known for their distinctive round windowless houses with thatched roofs supported by external wooden posts the village of dibemkpa still holds numerous archaeological remains and is considered key for understanding the group s historical or mythical origins 105 the akebou people edit the akebou live in one of the plateaus of the atakora mountains in central togo accessible by road from atakpamé to badou 106 early settlement in the upper gbankparé valley developed around independent villages each maintaining shrines dedicated to local protective deities and affirming its autochthonous roots over time several groups joined this area the first ewe migrants led by a figure named aké or eké arrived in the late 18th century settling near lonfo and spreading into villages such as vé and kougnohou a second wave of ewe migrants in the late 19th century founded djakpodji which gave rise to other settlements additional groups included the anyanga who settled after conflicts in the plains and the ntribou who fled ashanti raids to find refuge in akebou lands 106 to organise these diverse communities a central chieftaincy was established at lonfo creating a unique political centre in what had been an acephalous society lonfo s dry hilltop site and stone walled palace unlike the forested villages around it symbolised a place reserved for leadership rather than everyday settlement oral accounts recall three successive chiefs culminating in the reign of akountsou whose rule ended the system amid local resistance 106 archaeological remains of lonfo s stone structures still stand today and libations are made in memory of the chiefs the plii chief held significant ritual authority separate from religious sanctuaries maintained by older villages despite the centralised role each group retained its distinct identity and village territory within akébou society 106 conflicts with neighbouring ashanti and occasional disputes with akposso communities marked parts of akébou history the introduction of firearms possibly linked to coastal trade may have reinforced the power of lonfo s leadership during regional conflicts 106 the ntrubo people edit the ntrubo are represented in togo by two small villages diguinge and abosomkope located in the southern part of the adele plateau most ntrubo communities however live in ghana just west of this area 107 in togo the ntrubo coexist closely with the adele speaking both delo their own language and the adele language delo belongs to the tem language group which includes tem kotokoli kabiye bago and lamba this connection is linguistically puzzling because the ntrubo are geographically isolated from other tem speakers suggesting that the region once formed a more continuous mountain settlement zone before later ethnic reshaping 107 local genealogies trace the diguinge community to an ancestor named boisa whose descendants spread across multiple villages abosomkope by contrast traces its origins to gounou a neighbour of boisa with settlement movements linked to the early rubber trade promoted by the germans 107 historical evidence suggests that the ntrubo once formed part of an extensive mountain settlement area stretching from the lamba in the north to the adele in the south over time migrations and the arrival of other groups such as the adele and anyanga have made the ntribou a linguistic and cultural frontier at the southern edge of the tem speaking region 107 the akposso people edit the akposso trace their origins to two main traditions a belief in local autochthony especially strong in the logbo area and a more widespread migration narrative from notsé likely symbolic but possibly linked to the arrival of ewe groups 108 according to oral accounts the ancestor ida founded agbogboli a fortified hilltop site between the logbo and haito mountains from there the akposso moved westward to akposso koubi in present day ghana where they reportedly resisted expansionist neighbours like the akwamu in the 17th century subsequent migrations spread eastward into today s akposso plateau through multiple waves and lineages 108 the akposso society consists of several major groups including the litime ouwui ikponou logbo and ouma each with its own villages linguistically the akposso speak akposso classified by early scholars in the avatime bouem group contacts with neighbouring peoples have shaped distinct dialects ikposso logbo and ikpana with additional ewe and ashanti influences 108 politically traditional akposso communities were decentralised governed by village elders whose authority was primarily ritual there was no overarching chiefdom 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