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s was prohibited reparations were imposed and limits were placed on the size and capability of the country s armed forces 17 germany and italy the german empire was dissolved in the german revolution of 1918 1919 and a democratic government later known as the weimar republic was created the interwar period saw strife between supporters of the new republic and hardline opponents on both the political right and left italy as an entente ally had made some post war territorial gains however italian nationalists were angered that the promises made by the united kingdom and france to secure italian entrance into the war were not fulfilled in the peace settlement from 1922 to 1925 the fascist movement led by benito mussolini seized power in italy with a nationalist totalitarian and class collaborationist agenda that abolished representative democracy repressed socialist left wing and liberal forces and pursued an aggressive expansionist foreign policy aimed at making italy a world power promising the creation of a new roman empire 18 adolf hitler at a german nazi political rally in nuremberg august 1933 adolf hitler after an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the german government in 1923 eventually became the chancellor of germany in 1933 when president paul von hindenburg and the reichstag appointed him the nazis soon abolished parliamentary democracy espousing a radical racially motivated revision of the world order and began a massive rearmament campaign 19 following hindenburg s death in 1934 hitler proclaimed himself führer of germany france seeking to secure its alliance with italy allowed italy a free hand in ethiopia which italy desired as a colonial possession the situation was aggravated in early 1935 when the territory of the saar basin was legally reunited with germany and hitler repudiated the treaty of versailles accelerated his rearmament programme and introduced conscription 20 european treaties the united kingdom france and italy formed the stresa front in april 1935 to contain germany a key step towards military globalisation however that june the united kingdom made an independent naval agreement with germany easing prior restrictions the soviet union concerned by germany s goals of capturing vast areas of eastern europe drafted a treaty of mutual assistance with france before taking effect though the franco soviet pact was required to go through the bureaucracy of the league of nations which rendered it essentially toothless 21 the united states concerned with events in europe and asia passed the neutrality act in august of the same year 22 hitler defied the versailles and locarno treaties by remilitarising the rhineland in march 1936 encountering little opposition due to the policy of appeasement 23 in october 1936 germany and italy formed the rome berlin axis a month later germany and japan signed the anti comintern pact which italy joined the following year 24 asia the kuomintang party in china launched a unification campaign against regional warlords and nominally unified china in the mid 1920s but was soon embroiled in a civil war against its former chinese communist party ccp allies and new regional warlords 25 in 1931 an increasingly militaristic empire of japan which had long sought influence in china as the first step of what its government saw as the country s right to rule asia staged the mukden incident as a pretext to invade manchuria and establish the puppet state of manchukuo 26 27 china appealed to the league of nations to stop the japanese invasion of manchuria japan withdrew from the league of nations after being condemned for its incursion into manchuria the two nations then fought several battles in shanghai rehe and hebei until the tanggu truce was signed in 1933 thereafter chinese volunteer forces continued the resistance to japanese aggression in manchuria and chahar and suiyuan 28 after the 1936 xi an incident the kuomintang and ccp forces agreed on a ceasefire to present a united front to oppose japan 29 pre war events italian invasion of ethiopia 1935 main article second italo ethiopian war benito mussolini inspecting troops during the italo ethiopian war 1935 the second italo ethiopian war was a colonial war that began in october 1935 and ended in may 1936 the war began with the invasion of the ethiopian empire also known as abyssinia by the armed forces of the kingdom of italy regno d italia which was launched from italian somaliland and eritrea 30 the war resulted in the military occupation of ethiopia and its annexation into the newly created colony of italian east africa africa orientale italiana in addition it exposed the weakness of the league of nations as a force to preserve peace both italy and ethiopia were member nations but the league did little when the former clearly violated article x of the league s covenant 31 the united kingdom and france supported imposing sanctions on italy for the invasion although the sanctions were not fully enforced and failed to end the italian invasion 32 italy subsequently dropped its objections to germany s goal of absorbing austria 33 spanish civil war 1936 1939 main article spanish civil war when civil war broke out in spain hitler and mussolini lent military support to the nationalist rebels led by general francisco franco italy supported the nationalists to a greater extent than the nazis mussolini sent more than 70 000 ground troops 6 000 aviation personnel and 720 aircraft to spain 34 the soviet union supported the existing government of the spanish republic more than 30 000 foreign volunteers known as the international brigades also fought against the nationalists both germany and the soviet union used this proxy war as an opportunity to test in combat their most advanced weapons and tactics the nationalists won the civil war in april 1939 franco now dictator remained officially neutral during world war ii but generally favoured the axis 35 his largest collaboration with germany was the sending of volunteers to fight on the eastern front 36 japanese invasion of china 1937 main article second sino japanese war chinese soldiers battle the imperial japanese army in taierzhuang 1938 in july 1937 japan captured the former chinese imperial capital of peking after instigating the marco polo bridge incident which culminated in the japanese campaign to invade all of china following years of tension and low level conflicts 37 the soviets quickly signed a non aggression pact with china to lend materiel support effectively ending china s prior cooperation with germany 38 from september to november the japanese attacked taiyuan engaged the kuomintang army around xinkou fought communist forces in pingxingguan and wrestled control over china s northern railway network 39 40 41 nationalist generalissimo chiang kai shek deployed his best army to defend shanghai but after three months of heavy fighting shanghai fell the japanese continued to push chinese forces back capturing the capital nanking in december 1937 42 43 44 in march 1938 nationalist chinese forces won their first major victory at taierzhuang but ultimately lost control of the city of xuzhou in may 45 in june 1938 chinese forces stalled the japanese advance by flooding the yellow river buying time for the chinese to prepare their defences at wuhan at heavy cost to the local civilian population but the city was taken by october after heavy fighting along the yangtze river 46 japanese military victories did not destroy chinese resistance instead the chinese government relocated inland to chongqing and continued the war 47 48 aiming to break chinese morale japanese aircraft began striking cities in the sichuan basin in a bombing campaign killing tens of thousands of civilians 49 50 soviet japanese border conflicts main article soviet japanese border conflicts in the mid to late 1930s japanese forces in manchukuo had sporadic border clashes with the soviet union and mongolia the japanese doctrine of hokushin ron which emphasised japan s expansion northward was favoured by the imperial army during this time this policy would prove difficult to maintain in light of the japanese defeat at khalkin gol in 1939 the ongoing second sino japanese war and ally nazi germany pursuing neutrality with the soviets 51 japan and the soviet union eventually signed a neutrality pact in april 1941 and japan adopted the doctrine of nanshin ron promoted by the navy which took its focus southward and eventually led to war with the united states and the western allies 52 53 european occupations and agreements from left to right chamberlain daladier hitler mussolini and ciano pictured just before signing the munich agreement 29 september 1938 in europe germany and italy were becoming more aggressive in march 1938 germany annexed austria again provoking little response from other european powers 54 encouraged hitler began pressing german claims on the sudetenland an area of czechoslovakia with a predominantly ethnic german population soon the united kingdom and france followed the appeasement policy of british prime minister neville chamberlain and conceded this territory to germany in the munich agreement which was made against the wishes of the czechoslovak government in exchange for a promise of no further territorial demands 55 soon afterwards germany and italy forced czechoslovakia to cede additional territory to hungary and poland annexed the trans olza region of czechoslovakia 56 although all of germany s stated demands had been satisfied by the agreement privately hitler was furious that british interference had prevented him from seizing all of czechoslovakia in one operation in subsequent speeches hitler attacked british and jewish war mongers and in january 1939 secretly ordered a major build up of the german navy to challenge british naval supremacy in march 1939 germany invaded the remainder of czechoslovakia and subsequently split it into the german protectorate of bohemia and moravia and a pro german client state the slovak republic 57 hitler also delivered an ultimatum to lithuania on 20 march 1939 forcing the concession of the klaipėda region formerly the german memelland 58 following further demands from hitler regarding the free city of danzig and the polish corridor the united kingdom and france guaranteed their support for polish independence when italy conquered albania in april 1939 the same guarantee was extended to the kingdoms of romania and greece 59 shortly after the franco british pledge to poland germany and italy formalised their own alliance with the pact of steel 60 hitler accused the united kingdom and poland of trying to encircle germany and renounced the anglo german naval agreement and the german polish declaration of non aggression 61 german foreign minister joachim von ribbentrop right and the soviet leader joseph stalin after signing the molotov ribbentrop pact 23 august 1939 the situation became a crisis in late august as germany concentrated its forces near the polish border on 23 august the soviet union signed a non aggression pact with germany after tripartite negotiations for a military alliance between france the united kingdom and soviet union had stalled 62 63 this pact had a secret protocol that defined german and soviet spheres of influence lithuania for germany finland estonia latvia and bessarabia for the soviet union and poland to be partitioned between the two powers 64 the pact ensured that germany would not face a war with the soviet union when it invaded poland immediately afterwards hitler ordered the attack to proceed on 26 august but upon hearing that the united kingdom had concluded a formal mutual assistance pact with poland and that italy would maintain neutrality he decided to delay it 65 germany offered britain an alliance if britain helped germany gain danzig the polish corridor and its former colonies but britain replied that it would honour its guarantee to poland 66 on 29 august hitler demanded that a polish plenipotentiary travel to berlin by the following day to negotiate a solution to the crisis but britain rejected the timeline as unreasonable on the night of 30 31 august the british ambassador nevile henderson met german foreign minister joachim von ribbentrop ribbentrop handed him hitler s demands regarding poland then announced that the deadline for poland s acceptance had already passed 67 course of the war for a chronological guide see list of timelines of world war ii see also diplomatic history of world war ii and world war ii by country war breaks out in europe 1939 1940 main article european theatre of world war ii a german propaganda photograph reenacting the removal of the polish border crossing in sopot 68 on 1 september 1939 germany invaded poland after having staged several false flag border incidents as a pretext to initiate the invasion 69 the first german attack of the war came against the polish defences at westerplatte 70 the united kingdom responded with an ultimatum for germany to cease military operations and on 3 september after the ultimatum was ignored britain and france declared war on germany c during the phoney war period the alliance provided no direct military support to poland outside of a cautious french probe into the saarland 71 the western allies also began a naval blockade of germany which aimed to damage the country s economy and war effort 72 germany responded by ordering u boat warfare against allied merchant and warships which would later escalate into the battle of the atlantic 73 on 8 september german troops reached the suburbs of warsaw the polish counter offensive to the west halted the german advance for several days but it was outflanked and encircled by the wehrmacht remnants of the polish army broke through to besieged warsaw on 17 september 1939 two days after signing a cease fire with japan the soviet union invaded poland 74 under the supposed pretext that the polish state had ceased to exist 75 on 27 september the warsaw garrison surrendered to the germans and the last large operational unit of the polish army surrendered on 6 october despite the military defeat poland never surrendered instead it formed the polish government in exile and a clandestine state apparatus remained in occupied poland 76 a significant part of polish military personnel evacuated to romania and latvia many of them later fought against the axis in other theatres of the war 77 germany annexed western poland and occupied central poland the soviet union annexed eastern poland small shares of polish territory were transferred to lithuania and slovakia on 6 october hitler made a public peace overture to the united kingdom and france but said that the future of poland was to be determined exclusively by germany and the soviet union the proposal was rejected 78 and hitler ordered an immediate offensive against france 79 which was postponed until the spring of 1940 due to bad weather 80 81 82 mannerheim line and kare...
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