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ssenger is advised however that airline no 1 operates the flight from say chicago to amsterdam for example and airline no 2 operates the continuing flight on a different airplane sometimes from another terminal to düsseldorf thus the primary rationale for code sharing is to expand one s service offerings in city pair terms to increase sales a more recent development is the airline alliance which became prevalent in the late 1990s these alliances can act as virtual mergers to get around government restrictions the largest are star alliance skyteam and oneworld and these accounted for over 60 of global commercial air traffic as of 2015 update 112 alliances of airlines coordinate their passenger service programs such as lounges and frequent flyer programs offer special interline tickets and often engage in extensive codesharing sometimes systemwide these are increasingly integrated business combinations sometimes including cross equity arrangements in which products service standards schedules and airport facilities are standardized and combined for higher efficiency one of the first airlines to start an alliance with another airline was klm who partnered with northwest airlines both airlines later entered the skyteam alliance after the fusion of klm and air france in 2004 often the companies combine it operations or purchase fuel and aircraft as a bloc to achieve higher bargaining power however the alliances have been most successful at purchasing invisible supplies and services such as fuel airlines usually prefer to purchase items visible to their passengers to differentiate themselves from local competitors if an airline s main domestic competitor flies boeing airliners then the airline may prefer to use airbus aircraft regardless of what the rest of the alliance chooses largest airlines edit main article world s largest airlines the world s largest airlines can be defined in several ways as of 2019 update american airlines group was the largest by fleet size passengers carried and revenue passenger mile delta air lines was the largest by revenue assets value and market capitalization lufthansa group was the largest by number of employees fedex express by freight ton kilometers turkish airlines by number of countries served and ups airlines by number of destinations served 113 though united airlines was the largest passenger airline by number of destinations served 114 115 state support edit historically air travel has survived largely through state support whether in the form of equity or subsidies the airline industry as a whole has made a cumulative loss during its 100 year history 116 117 one argument is that positive externalities such as higher growth due to global mobility outweigh the microeconomic losses and justify continuing government intervention a historically high level of government intervention in the airline industry can be seen as part of a wider political consensus on strategic forms of transport such as highways and railways both of which receive public funding in most parts of the world although many countries continue to operate state owned or parastatal airlines many large airlines today are privately owned and are therefore governed by microeconomic principles to maximize shareholder profit 118 in december 1991 the collapse of pan am an airline often credited for shaping the international airline industry highlighted the financial complexities faced by major airline companies following the 1978 deregulation u s carriers did not manage to make an aggregate profit for 12 years in 31 including four years where combined losses amounted to 10 billion but rebounded with eight consecutive years of profits since 2010 including its four with over 10 billion profits they drop loss making routes avoid fare wars and market share battles limit capacity growth add hub feed with regional jets to increase their profitability they change schedules to create more connections buy used aircraft reduce international frequencies and leverage partnerships to optimize capacities and benefit from overseas connectivity 82 environment edit this section needs to be updated please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information january 2026 main article environmental impact of aviation modis tracking of contrails generated by air traffic over the southeastern united states on 29 january 2004 aircraft engines emit noise pollution gases and particulate emissions and contribute to global dimming 119 growth of the industry in recent years raised a number of ecological questions domestic air transport grew in china at 15 5 percent annually from 2001 to 2006 the rate of air travel globally increased at 3 7 percent per year over the same time in the eu greenhouse gas emissions from aviation increased by 87 between 1990 and 2006 120 however it must be compared with the flights increase only in uk between 1990 and 2006 terminal passengers increased from 100 000 thousands to 250 000 thousands 121 according to aea reports every year 750 million passengers travel by european airlines which also share 40 of merchandise value in and out of europe 122 without even pressure from green activists targeting lower ticket prices generally airlines do what is possible to cut the fuel consumption and gas emissions connected therewith further according to some reports it can be concluded that the last piston powered aircraft were as fuel efficient as the average jet in 2005 123 despite continuing efficiency improvements from the major aircraft manufacturers the expanding demand for global air travel has resulted in growing greenhouse gas ghg emissions in 2009 it was calculated that the aviation sector including u s domestic and global international travel make approximately 1 6 percent of global anthropogenic ghg emissions per annum that year north america accounts for nearly 40 percent of the world s ghg emissions from aviation fuel use 124 co 2 emissions from the jet fuel burned per passenger on an average 3 200 kilometers 2 000 mi airline flight is about 353 kilograms 776 pounds 125 loss of natural habitat potential associated with the jet fuel burned per passenger on a 3 200 kilometers 2 000 mi airline flight is estimated to be 250 square meters 2700 square feet 126 in the context of climate change and peak oil there is a debate about possible taxation of air travel and the inclusion of aviation in an emissions trading scheme with a view to ensuring that the total external costs of aviation are taken into account 127 in 2008 it was reported in the washington post that the airline industry is responsible for about 11 percent of greenhouse gases emitted by the u s transportation sector boeing estimated that biofuels could reduce flight related greenhouse gas emissions by 60 to 80 percent the solution put forth at the time would be to blend algae fuels with existing jet fuel 128 but so far this has yet to happen boeing and air new zealand were collaborating with leading brazilian biofuel maker tecbio new zealand s aquaflow bionomic and other jet biofuel developers around the world virgin atlantic and virgin green fund were looking into the technology as part of a biofuel initiative 129 klm made the first commercial flight with biofuel in 2009 there are projects on electric aircraft and some of which are fully operational as of 2013 citation needed call signs edit main article aviation call signs each operator of a scheduled or charter flight uses an airline call sign when communicating with airports or air traffic control most of these call signs are derived from the airline s trade name but for reasons of history marketing or the need to reduce ambiguity in spoken english so that pilots do not mistakenly make navigational decisions based on instructions issued to a different aircraft some airlines and air forces use call signs less obviously connected with their trading name for example british airways uses a speedbird call sign named after the logo of one of its predecessors boac while skyeurope used relax personnel edit the aircrew of a jetstar boeing 787 the various types of airline personnel include flight crew responsible for the operation of the aircraft flight crew members include pilots captain and first officer some older aircraft also required a flight engineer and or a navigator flight attendants led by a purser on larger aircraft in flight security personnel on some airlines most notably el al groundcrew responsible for operations at airports include aerospace and avionics engineers responsible for certifying the aircraft for flight and management of aircraft maintenance aerospace engineers responsible for airframe powerplant and electrical systems maintenance avionics engineers responsible for avionics and instruments maintenance airframe and powerplant technicians electric system technicians responsible for maintenance of electrical systems flight dispatchers baggage handlers ramp agents remote centralized weight and balancing 130 gate agents ticket agents passenger service agents such as airline lounge employees reservation agents usually but not always at facilities outside the airport crew schedulers airlines follow a corporate structure where each broad area of operations such as maintenance flight operations including flight safety and passenger service is supervised by a vice president larger airlines often appoint vice presidents to oversee each of the airline s hubs as well airlines employ lawyers to deal with regulatory procedures and other administrative tasks 131 trends edit map of scheduled airline traffic in 2024 aircraft of various airlines parked side by side at tokyo narita airport japan in april 2012 the pattern of ownership has been privatized since the mid 1980s that is the ownership has gradually changed from governments to private and individual sectors or organizations this occurs as regulators permit greater freedom and non government ownership in steps that are usually decades apart this pattern is not seen for all airlines in all regions 132 many major airlines operating between the 1940s and 1980s were government owned or government established however most airlines from the earliest days of air travel in the 1920s and 1930s were personal businesses 1 growth rates are not consistent in all regions but countries with a deregulated airline industry have more competition and greater pricing freedom this results in lower fares and sometimes dramatic spurts in traffic growth the u s australia canada japan brazil india and other markets exhibit this trend the industry has been observed to be cyclical in its financial performance four or five years of poor earnings precede five or six years of improvement but profitability even in the good years is generally low in the range of 2 3 net profit after interest and tax in times of profit airlines lease new generations of airplanes and upgrade services in response to higher demand since 1980 the industry has not earned back the cost of capital during the best of times conversely in bad times losses can be dramatically worse warren buffett in 1999 said the money that had been made since the dawn of aviation by all of this country s airline companies was zero absolutely zero 133 as in many mature industries consolidation is a trend airline groupings may consist of limited bilateral partnerships long term multi faceted alliances between carriers equity arrangements mergers or takeovers 134 since governments often restrict ownership and merger between companies in different countries most consolidation takes place within a country by 1990 nearly 200 airlines in the u s had merged been taken over or gone out of business since the airline deregulation act in 1978 135 many international airline managers are lobbying their governments to permit greater consolidation to achieve higher economy and efficiency citation needed types edit passenger airlines can be grouped into various types for example mainline airlines operate flights by the airline s main operating unit rather than by regional affiliates or subsidiaries regional airlines non mainline airlines that operate regional aircraft regionals typically operate over shorter non intercontinental distances often as feeder services for legacy mainline networks low cost carriers giving a basic no frills and perceived inexpensive service business class airline an airline aimed at the business traveler featuring all business class seating and amenities charter airlines operating outside regular schedule intervals flag carriers the historically nationally owned airlines that were considered representative of the country overseas legacy carriers us carriers that predate the airline deregulation act of 1978 major airlines of the united states airlines with at least 1 billion in revenues in addition there are several cargo only airlines this can involve specialized aircraft like those with large cargo doors and reinforced floors or modifying passenger planes for cargo only flights during the covid 19 pandemic some passenger airlines temporarily converted their planes for cargo only flights to meet increased demand for freight transport 136 137 see also edit air charter air ferry airline alliance airline complaints airline timetable airliners net airlines of africa airport security aviation safety beyond rights cargo airline domestic flight environmental impact of aviation federal aviation administration flight length flight planning flightaware government contract flight hyper mobile travel inflight magazine international air transport association international flight legacy carrier virtual airline low cost carrier red eye flight regional airline transportation security administration world s busiest passenger air routes related lists edit airline codes largest airlines in the world list of airline liveries and logos lists of airlines list of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft list of airline holding companies list of airline mergers and acquisitions lists of defunct airlines list of helicopter airlines list of hub airports list of low cost airlines list of national airlines list of regional airlines list of airline bankruptcies in the united states references edit 1 2 doganis rigas 2001 the airline business in the twenty first century psychology press p 185 isbn 978 0 415 20883 3 iatrou kostas 2020 the history of air transport pdf hermes air transport organisation 1 2 3 4 delag the world s first airline airships net retrieved august 22 2010 ochaba sabine june 16 2025 the world s first passenger airship a portrait of the zeppelin lz 7 zeppelin museum friedrichshafen hartmann gérard november 14 2006 le développement du transport aérien en europe 1919 1932 pdf in french p 2 archived from the original pdf on may 12 2005 retrieved november 22 2014 l histoire d air france 1909 1932 les pionniers in french musée air france archived from the original on november 29 2014 retrieved...
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