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l unix shells with their proprietary object oriented net framework mingw and cygwin are open source packages for windows that offer a unix like cli microsoft provides mks inc s ksh implementation mks korn shell for windows through their services for unix add on since 2001 the macintosh operating system macos has been based on a unix like operating system called darwin 12 on these computers users can access a unix like command line interface by running the terminal emulator program called terminal which is found in the utilities sub folder of the applications folder or by remotely logging into the machine using ssh z shell is the default shell for macos bash tcsh and the kornshell are also provided before macos catalina bash was the default usage edit a cli is used whenever a large vocabulary of commands or queries coupled with a wide or arbitrary range of options can be entered more rapidly as text than with a pure gui this is typically the case with operating system command shells clis are also used by systems with insufficient resources to support a graphical user interface some computer language systems such as python 13 forth lisp rexx and many dialects of basic provide an interactive command line mode to allow for rapid evaluation of code clis are often used by programmers and system administrators in engineering and scientific environments and by technically advanced personal computer users citation needed clis are also popular among people with visual disabilities since the commands and responses can be displayed using refreshable braille displays anatomy of a shell cli edit this section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably consider splitting content into sub articles condensing it or adding subheadings please discuss this issue on the article s talk page june 2026 the general pattern of a command line is 14 15 prompt command param1 param2 param3 paramn prompt output by the program to indicate that its ready for input a prompt may include contextual information and often ends with a symbol that provides a visual cue that input is expected command input by the user a command is usually one of two classes internal commands are recognized and processed by the command line interpreter internal commands are also called built in commands 16 external commands run executables found in separate executable files the command line interpreter searches for executable files with names matching the external command 17 18 param1 paramn parameters provided by the user the format and meaning of the parameters depend upon the command in the case of external commands the values of the parameters are delivered to the program as it is launched by the os parameters may be either arguments or options in this format the delimiters between command line elements are whitespace characters and the end of line delimiter is the newline delimiter this is a widely used but not universal convention a command line interface can generally be considered as consisting of syntax and semantics the syntax is the grammar that all commands must follow in the case of operating systems dos and unix each define their own set of rules that all commands must follow in the case of embedded systems each vendor such as nortel juniper networks or cisco systems defines their own proprietary set of rules these rules also dictate how a user navigates through the system of commands the semantics define what sort of operations are possible on what sort of data these operations can be performed and how the grammar represents these operations and data the symbolic meaning in the syntax two different clis may agree on either syntax or semantics but it is only when they agree on both that they can be considered sufficiently similar to allow users to use both clis without needing to learn anything as well as to enable re use of scripts a simple cli will display a prompt accept a command line typed by the user terminated by the enter key then execute the specified command and provide textual display of results or error messages advanced clis will validate interpret and parameter expand the command line before executing the specified command and optionally capture or redirect its output unlike a button or menu item in a gui a command line is typically self documenting 19 stating exactly what the user wants done in addition command lines usually include many defaults that can be changed to customize the results useful command lines can be saved by assigning a character string or alias to represent the full command or several commands can be grouped to perform a more complex sequence for instance compile the program install it and run it creating a single entity called a command procedure or script which itself can be treated as a command these advantages mean that a user must figure out a complex command or series of commands only once because they can be saved to be used again the commands given to a cli shell are often in one of the following forms dosomething how tofiles dosomething how sourcefile destinationfile dosomething how inputfile outputfile dosomething how dosomething how dosomething how outputfile where dosomething is in effect a verb how an adverb for example should the command be executed verbosely or quietly and tofiles an object or objects typically one or more files on which the command should act the in the third example is a redirection operator telling the command line interpreter to send the output of the command not to its own standard output the screen but to the named file this will overwrite the file using will redirect the output and append it to the file another redirection operator is the vertical bar which creates a pipeline where the output of one command becomes the input to the next command 20 cli and resource protection edit on some systems such as unix like systems or windows one can modify the set of available commands by modifying which paths appear in the path environment variable or its equivalent on unix like systems the file containing the executable or script for a command also needs to be given execute permission the directories in the path variable are searched in the order they are given by re ordering the path one can run e g os2 mdos e exe instead of os2 e exe when the default is the opposite renaming of the executables also works people often rename their favourite editor to edit for example the command line allows one to restrict available commands such as access to advanced internal commands the bourne shell and workalikes such as bash can be run as a restricted shell among other things this prohibits the user from modifying the path environment variable so that if path is set to include only directories that contain only permissible commands the user will only be able to run those commands the windows cmd exe also supports restricting available commands often shareware programs will limit the range of commands including printing a command your administrator has disabled running batch files from the prompt clarification needed some clis such as those in network routers have a hierarchy of modes with a different set of commands supported in each mode the set of commands are grouped by association with security system interface etc in these systems the user might traverse through a series of sub modes for example if the cli had two modes called interface and system the user might use the command interface to enter the interface mode at this point commands from the system mode may not be accessible until the user exits the interface mode and enters the system mode in ibm s flagship mvs operating systems the authorised program facility apf allows certain authorized programs to run with enhanced privileges analogous to uid 0 in unix like systems tso e supports calling e g authorized commands but only for those commands programs and services in an installation controlled list command prompt edit command prompt redirects here for the windows component named command prompt see cmd exe prompt of a bbc micro after switch on or hard reset a command prompt or just prompt is a sequence of one or more characters used in a command line interface to indicate readiness to accept commands it literally prompts the user to take action a prompt usually ends with one of the characters 21 22 or 23 and often includes other information such as the path of the current working directory and the hostname on many unix and derivative systems the prompt commonly ends in or if the user is a normal user but in if the user is a superuser root in unix terminology end users can often modify prompts depending on the environment they may include colors special characters and other elements like variables and functions for the current time user shell number or working directory in order for instance to make the prompt more informative or visually pleasing to distinguish sessions on various machines or to indicate the current level of nesting of commands on some systems special tokens in the definition of the prompt can be used to cause external programs to be called by the command line interpreter while displaying the prompt in dos command com and in windows nt s cmd exe users can modify the prompt by issuing a prompt command or by directly changing the value of the corresponding prompt environment variable the default of most modern systems the c style is obtained for instance with prompt p g the default of older dos systems c is obtained by just prompt although on some systems this produces the newer c style unless used on floppy drives a or b on those systems prompt n g can be used to override the automatic default and explicitly switch to the older style many unix systems feature the ps1 variable prompt string 1 24 although other variables also may affect the prompt depending on the shell used in the bash shell a prompt of the form time user host work_dir could be set by issuing the command export ps1 t u h w in zsh the rprompt variable controls an optional prompt on the right hand side of the display it is not a real prompt in that the location of text entry does not change it is used to display information on the same line as the prompt but right justified in risc os the command prompt is a symbol and thus os cli commands are often referred to as star commands 25 one can also access the same commands from other command lines such as the bbc basic command line by preceding the command with a in ibm s tso the command prompt is referred to as the ready prompt after the word ready in the prompt example of prompt system displays all the information that can be displayed by the liquidprompt command prompt system here using its jolly theme liquidprompt display example using its default theme liquidprompt display example using its pureship theme liquidprompt display example using its powerline theme some shells such as bash zsh and powershell allow the use of prompt systems that display a lot more information in the command prompt like the type of remote connection the state of machine sensors or additional information about a version control system they often use several ansi colors unicode characters and advanced shell features to set up a colorful display arguments edit this article needs more citations please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed find sources command line interface news newspapers books scholar jstor june 2026 learn how and when to remove this message an ms dos command line illustrating parsing into command and arguments a command line argument or parameter is an item of information provided to a program when it is started 26 a program can have many command line arguments that identify sources or destinations of information or that alter the operation of the program when a command processor is active a program is typically invoked by typing its name followed by command line arguments if any for example in unix and unix like environments an example of a command line argument is rm file s file s is a command line argument which tells the program rm to remove the file named file s some programming languages such as c c and java allow a program to interpret the command line arguments by handling them as string parameters in the main function 27 28 other languages such as python expose operating system specific api functionality through the sys module 29 and in particular sys argv for command line arguments in unix like operating systems a single hyphen used in place of a file name is a special value specifying that a program should handle data coming from the standard input or send data to the standard output command line option edit a command line option or simply option also known as a flag or switch modifies the operation of a command the effect is determined by the command s program options follow the command name on the command line separated by e g commas or spaces separators are not always required such as dir and dir in dos which have the same effect 23 of listing the dir command s available options whereas dir help in many versions of unix does require the option to be preceded by at least one space and is case sensitive the format of options varies widely between operating systems in most cases the syntax is by convention rather than an operating system requirement the entire command line is simply a string passed to a program which can process it in any way the programmer wants so long as the interpreter can tell where the command name ends and its arguments and options begin a few representative samples of command line options most relating to listing files in a directory to illustrate some conventions operating system command valid alternative notes openvms directory owner dir owner instruct the directory command to also display the ownership of the files note the directory command name is not case sensitive and can be abbreviated to as few letters as required to remain unique windows dir q o s d dir q d o s display ownership of files whose names begin with d or d sorted by size smallest first note spaces around argument d are required unix like systems ls ls d ls s l d display in long format files and directories whose names begin with d but not d sorted by size largest first note spaces are required around all arguments and options but some can be run together e g ls is the same as l s data general rdos cli list e s 04 26 80 b list s e 4 26 80 b list every attribute for files created before 26 april 1980 note the b at the end of the date argument is a local switch that modifies the meaning of that argument while s and e are global switches i e apply to the whole command vm cms cli listfile fulldate l ful includes the date the file was last written in the list note the listfile command name is not case sensitive and can be abbreviated to as few letters as required to remain unique os 360 operator commands start taperdr dsname foo bar s taper...
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