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rnment in a coup and established the people s revolutionary government prg a de facto dictatorship headed by maurice bishop as prime minister 15 bishop was later arrested and executed by members of the people s revolutionary army pra which was followed by a u s led invasion in october 1983 the current head of state is king charles iii king of grenada who is represented by the governor general of grenada etymology edit the origin of the name grenada is obscure but spanish sailors likely named the island for the city of granada 7 16 the name granada was recorded by spanish maps in the 1520s and referred to the islands to the north as los granadillos little granadas 13 although those named islands were deemed the property of the king of spain there are no records to suggest the spanish ever attempted to settle grenada 17 the french maintained the name as la grenade in french after settlement and colonisation in 1649 13 on 10 february 1763 the island of la grenade was ceded to the british under the treaty of paris the british renamed it grenada one of many place name anglicisations they made there 18 the island was given its first european name by christopher columbus who sighted it on his third voyage to the region in 1498 and named it la concepción in honour of the virgin mary reportedly he may have actually named it assumpción but this is uncertain as he is said to have sighted what are now grenada and tobago from a distance and named them both at the same time however it became accepted that he named tobago assumpción and grenada la concepción 16 the year after italian explorer amerigo vespucci travelled through the region with the spanish explorer alonso de ojeda and mapmaker juan de la cosa vespucci is reported to have renamed the island mayo although this is the only map where the name appears 17 the indigenous arawak who once lived on the island before the arrival of the europeans gave the name camajuya 19 history edit main article history of grenada precolumbian history edit grenada is thought to have been first populated by peoples from south america during the caribbean archaic age although definitive evidence is lacking the earliest potential human presence comes from proxy evidence of lake cores beginning c 3600 bc 20 less ephemeral permanent villages began c 100 200 12 the population peaked between 750 and 1250 with major changes in population afterward potentially the result of either the carib invasion although highly contested 21 regional droughts or both 22 european arrival edit in 1498 christopher columbus was the first european to report sighting grenada during his third voyage naming it la concepción but amerigo vespucci may have renamed it mayo in 1499 23 although it was deemed the property of the king of spain there are no records to suggest the spanish attempted to settle however various europeans are known to have passed and both fought and traded with the indigenous peoples there 13 the first known settlement attempt was a failed venture by the english in 1609 who were massacred and driven away by the native carib peoples 14 23 24 french colony and slavery 1649 1763 edit main article french west indies in 1649 a french expedition of 203 men from martinique led by jacques dyel du parquet founded a permanent settlement on grenada 14 23 24 they signed a peace treaty with the carib chief kairouane but within months conflict broke out between the two communities 25 26 this lasted until 1654 when the island was completely subjugated by the french 27 warfare continued during the 1600s between the french on grenada and the caribs of present day dominica and st vincent and the grenadines chocolate was brought to grenada in 1714 with the introduction of cocoa beans 28 the french named their new colony la grenade and the economy was initially based on sugar cane and indigo worked by african slaves via the transatlantic slave trade 29 according to records during the french colonial period circa 1659 1762 the number of slaves on grenada rose from about 222 in 1669 to roughly 15 200 by 1763 the french established a capital known as fort royal later st george s to shelter from hurricanes the french navy would often take refuge in the capital s natural harbour as no nearby french islands had a natural harbour to compare with that of fort royal the british captured grenada in the seven years war in 1762 23 british colony slavery and emancipation edit early colonial period and slavery edit main articles british west indies british windward islands and west indies federation the island of grenada and port saint georges in 1776 grenada was formally ceded to britain by the treaty of paris in 1763 23 the french re captured the island during the american revolutionary war after comte d estaing won the bloody land and naval battle of grenada in july 1779 23 however the island was restored to britain with the treaty of versailles in 1783 23 a decade later dissatisfaction with british rule led to a pro french revolt in 1795 96 led by julien fédon which was successfully defeated by the british 30 31 as grenada s economy grew more and more slaves were transported to the island in 1785 grenada had 23 926 slaves and 1 115 free people of colour with around 996 european settlers according to the voyages trans atlantic slave trade database by 1807 britain had brought 114 000 slaves to grenada slavery was completely outlawed in 1833 leading to the emancipation of all slaves by 1838 23 32 to ease the subsequent labour shortage migrants from india were brought to grenada in 1857 14 24 nutmeg was introduced to grenada in 1843 when a merchant ship called in on its way to england from the east indies 14 24 the ship had a small quantity of nutmeg trees on board which they left in grenada nutmeg continues to be an important crop for the grenadine economy later colonial period after slavery edit in 1877 grenada was made a crown colony theophilus a marryshow founded the representative government association rga in 1918 to agitate for a new and participative constitutional dispensation for the grenadian people 33 due to marryshow s lobbying the wood commission of 1921 22 concluded that grenada was ready for constitutional reform in the form of a modified crown colony government this modification granted grenadians the right to elect five of the 15 legislative council members on a restricted property franchise enabling the wealthiest 4 of adult grenadians to vote 34 marryshow was named a commander of the order of the british empire cbe in 1943 35 in 1950 eric gairy founded the grenada united labour party gulp initially as a trade union which led to the 1951 general strike for better working conditions 14 24 36 this sparked great unrest and so many buildings were set ablaze that the disturbances became known as the sky red days on 10 october 1951 grenada held its first general elections based on universal adult suffrage 37 with gairy s party winning six of the eight seats contested 37 from 1958 to 1962 grenada was part of the federation of the west indies 14 23 24 after the federation s collapse grenada was granted full autonomy over its internal affairs as an associated state on 3 march 1967 23 herbert blaize of the grenada national party gnp was the first premier of the associated state of grenada from march to august 1967 eric gairy served as premier from august 1967 until february 1974 23 post independence era edit maurice bishop visiting east germany 1982 independence was granted on 7 february 1974 under the leadership of eric gairy who became the first prime minister of grenada 14 23 24 this is annually commemorated as independence day 38 grenada opted to remain within the commonwealth retaining queen elizabeth as monarch represented locally by a governor general civil conflict gradually broke out between eric gairy s government and some opposition parties including the marxist new jewel movement njm 23 gairy and the gulp won the 1976 grenadian general election albeit with a reduced majority 23 however the opposition deemed the results invalid due to fraud and the violent intimidation performed by the so called mongoose gang a private militia loyal to gairy 39 40 41 on 13 march 1979 whilst gairy was out of the country the njm launched a bloodless coup which removed gairy suspended the constitution and established a people s revolutionary government prg headed by maurice bishop who declared himself prime minister 23 his marxist leninist government established close ties with cuba nicaragua and other communist bloc countries 23 all political parties except for the new jewel movement were banned and no elections were held during the four years of prg rule invasion by the united states 1983 edit main article united states invasion of grenada members of the eastern caribbean defence force during the 1983 invasion of grenada coup and execution of maurice bishop edit by mid 1983 a dispute developed between bishop and certain high ranking members of the njm though bishop cooperated with cuba and the ussr on various trade and foreign policy issues he sought to maintain a non aligned status hardline marxist party members including communist deputy prime minister bernard coard deemed bishop insufficiently revolutionary and demanded that he either step down or enter into a power sharing arrangement citation needed on 16 october 1983 bernard coard and his wife phyllis coard backed by the grenadian army led a coup against the government of maurice bishop and placed bishop under house arrest 23 these actions led to street demonstrations in various parts of the island as bishop enjoyed widespread popular support bishop was freed by impassioned supporters who marched en masse to his guarded residence from a rally in the capital s central square bishop then led the crowd to the island s military headquarters to reassert his power grenadian soldiers were dispatched in armoured vehicles by the coard faction to retake the fort and a confrontation between soldiers and civilians at the fort ended in gunfire and panic three soldiers and at least eight civilians died in the tumult that also injured 100 others a school sponsored study later found in 2000 42 when the initial shooting ended with bishop s surrender he and a group of seven of his closest supporters were taken prisoner and executed by firing squad besides bishop the group included three of his cabinet ministers a trade union leader and three service industry workers 43 after the execution of bishop the people s revolutionary army pra formed a military marxist government with general hudson austin as chairman the army declared a four day total curfew during which anyone leaving their home without approval would be shot on sight 44 45 united states and allied response and reaction edit m102 howitzers of 320th field artillery regiment firing during the 1983 invasion of grenada us president ronald reagan stated that particularly worrying was the presence of cuban construction workers and military personnel building a 10 000 foot 3 000 m airstrip on grenada 46 bishop had stated the purpose of the airstrip was to allow commercial jets to land but some us military analysts argued that the only reason for constructing such a long and reinforced runway was so that it could be used by heavy military transport planes the contractors american and european companies and the eec which provided partial funding all claimed the airstrip did not have military capabilities reagan asserted that cuba under the direction of the soviet union would use grenada as a refuelling stop for cuban and soviet airplanes loaded with weapons destined for central american communist insurgents 47 the organization of eastern caribbean states oecs barbados and jamaica all appealed to the united states for assistance 48 on 25 october 1983 combined forces from the united states and the regional security system rss based in barbados invaded grenada in an operation codenamed operation urgent fury the us stated this was done at the behest of barbados dominica citation needed and governor general paul scoon 49 scoon had requested the invasion through secret diplomatic channels but it was not made public for his safety 50 progress was rapid and within four days the americans had removed the military government of hudson austin citation needed the invasion was criticised by the governments of britain 51 trinidad and tobago and canada the united nations general assembly condemned it as a flagrant violation of international law by a vote of 108 to 9 with 27 abstentions 52 53 the united nations security council considered a similar resolution which was supported by 11 countries however the united states vetoed the motion 54 post invasion arrests edit after the invasion the pre revolutionary grenadian constitution came into operation once again eighteen members of the prg pra were arrested on charges related to the murder of maurice bishop and seven others the 18 included the top political leadership of grenada at the time of the execution along with the entire military chain of command directly responsible for the operation that led to the executions fourteen were sentenced to death one was found not guilty and three were sentenced to 45 years in prison the death sentences were eventually commuted to terms of imprisonment those in prison have become known as the grenada 17 55 since 1983 edit when us troops withdrew from grenada in december 1983 governor general scoon appointed an interim advisory council chaired by nicholas brathwaite to organise new elections 56 the first democratic elections since 1976 were held in december 1984 and were won by the new national party under herbert blaize who served as prime minister until his death in december 1989 57 58 ben jones briefly succeeded blaize as prime minister and served until the march 1990 election 59 60 this election was won by the national democratic congress under nicholas brathwaite who served as prime minister until he resigned in february 1995 61 he was succeeded by george brizan for a brief period 62 until the june 1995 election which was won by the new national party under keith mitchell who went on to win the 1999 and 2003 elections serving for a record 13 years until 2008 23 mitchell re established relations with cuba and also reformed the country s banking system which had come under criticism over potential money laundering concerns 14 23 24 in 2000 02 much of the controversy of the late 1970s and early 1980s was once again brought into the public consciousness with the opening of the truth and reconciliation commission 23 the commission was chaired by a roman catholic priest father mark haynes and was tasked with uncovering injustices arising from the pra bishop s regime and before it held a number of hearings around the country brother robert fanovich head of presentation brothers college pbc in st george s tasked some of his senior students with conducting a research project i...
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