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e united states notified japan that it would not be extending its trade treaty and american public opinion opposing japanese expansionism led to a series of economic sanctions the export control acts which banned us exports of chemicals minerals and military parts to japan and increased economic pressure on the japanese regime 116 163 164 during 1939 japan launched its first attack against changsha but was repulsed by late september 165 despite several offensives by both sides by 1940 the war between china and japan was at a stalemate to increase pressure on china by blocking supply routes and to better position japanese forces in the event of a war with the western powers japan invaded and occupied northern indochina in september 1940 166 chinese nationalist forces launched a large scale counter offensive in early 1940 in august chinese communists launched an offensive in central china 167 in retaliation japanese armies in north china implemented the three alls policy a massive scorched earth initiative to depopulate regions deemed hostile to japanese occupation 168 169 continued antipathy between chinese communist and nationalist forces culminated in armed clashes in january 1941 effectively ending their co operation 170 in march the japanese 11th army attacked the headquarters of the nationalist chinese 19th army but was repulsed during the battle of shanggao 171 in september japan attempted to take the city of changsha again and clashed with chinese nationalist forces 172 german successes in europe prompted japan to increase pressure on european governments in southeast asia the dutch government agreed to provide japan with oil supplies from the dutch east indies but negotiations for additional access to their resources ended in failure in june 1941 173 in july 1941 japan sent troops to southern indochina threatening british and dutch possessions in the far east the united states the united kingdom and other western governments reacted to this move with a freeze on japanese assets and a total oil embargo 174 175 at the same time japan was planning an invasion of the soviet far east intending to take advantage of the german invasion in the west but abandoned the operation after the sanctions 176 since early 1941 the united states and japan had been engaged in negotiations in an attempt to improve their strained relations and end the war in china japan advanced a number of proposals which were dismissed by the americans as inadequate 177 at the same time the united states the united kingdom and the netherlands engaged in secret discussions for the joint defence of their territories in the event of a japanese attack against any of them 178 roosevelt reinforced the philippines an american protectorate scheduled for independence in 1946 and warned japan that the united states would react to japanese attacks against any neighboring countries 178 frustrated at the lack of progress and pressured by american british dutch sanctions especially in oil japan prepared for war emperor hirohito after initial hesitation about japan s chances of victory 179 began to favour japan s entry into the war 180 as a result prime minister fumimaro konoe resigned 181 182 hirohito refused the recommendation to appoint prince naruhiko higashikuni in his place choosing war minister hideki tojo instead 183 on 3 november osami nagano explained in detail the plan of the attack on pearl harbor to the emperor 184 on 5 november hirohito approved in imperial conference the operations plan for the war 185 on 20 november the new government presented an interim proposal as its final offer it called for the end of american aid to china and for lifting the embargo on the supply of oil and other resources to japan in exchange japan promised not to launch any attacks in southeast asia and to withdraw its forces from southern indochina 177 the american counter proposal of 26 november required that japan evacuate all of china without conditions and conclude non aggression pacts with all pacific powers 186 that meant japan was essentially forced to choose between abandoning its ambitions in china or seizing the natural resources it needed in the dutch east indies by force 187 188 the japanese military did not consider the former an option and many officers considered the oil embargo an unspoken declaration of war 189 the uss arizona was a total loss in the japanese surprise air attack on the united states pacific fleet at pearl harbor sunday 7 december 1941 japan planned to seize european colonies in asia to create a large defensive perimeter stretching into the central pacific the japanese would then be free to exploit the resources of southeast asia while exhausting the over stretched allies by fighting a defensive war 190 to prevent american intervention while securing the perimeter it was further planned to neutralise the united states pacific fleet and the american military presence in the philippines from the outset 191 on 7 december 1941 8 december in asian time zones japan attacked british and american holdings with near simultaneous offensives against southeast asia and the central pacific 192 these included an attack on the american fleets at pearl harbor and the philippines as well as invasions of guam wake island malaya 192 thailand and hong kong 193 these attacks led the united states united kingdom china australia and several other states to formally declare war on japan whereas the soviet union being heavily involved in large scale hostilities with european axis countries maintained its neutrality agreement with japan 194 germany followed by the other axis states declared war on the united states 195 in solidarity with japan citing as justification the american attacks on german war vessels that had been ordered by roosevelt 140 196 axis advance stalls 1942 1943 on 1 january 1942 the allied big four 197 the soviet union china the united kingdom and the united states and 22 smaller or exiled governments issued the declaration by united nations thereby affirming the atlantic charter 198 and agreeing not to sign a separate peace with the axis powers 199 during 1942 allied officials debated on the appropriate grand strategy to pursue all agreed that defeating germany was the primary objective the americans favoured a straightforward large scale attack on germany through france the soviets demanded a second front the british argued that military operations should target peripheral areas to wear out german strength leading to increasing demoralisation and bolstering resistance forces germany itself would be subject to a heavy bombing campaign an offensive against germany would then be launched primarily by allied armour without using large scale armies 200 eventually the british persuaded the americans that a landing in france was infeasible in 1942 and they should instead focus on driving the axis out of north africa 201 at the casablanca conference in early 1943 the allies reiterated the statements issued in the 1942 declaration and demanded the unconditional surrender of their enemies the british and americans agreed to continue to press the initiative in the mediterranean by invading sicily to fully secure the mediterranean supply routes 202 although the british argued for further operations in the balkans to bring turkey into the war in may 1943 the americans extracted a british commitment to limit allied operations in the mediterranean to an invasion of the italian mainland and to invade france in 1944 203 pacific 1942 1943 map of japanese military advances through mid 1942 japanese forces achieved naval victories in the south china sea java sea and indian ocean 204 and bombed the allied naval base at darwin australia on 16 april 7 000 british soldiers were encircled by the japanese 33rd division during the battle of yenangyaung in burma and rescued by the chinese 38th division 205 despite stubborn resistance by filipino and us forces the philippine commonwealth was eventually captured in may forcing its government into exile following the capture of bataan japanese armies forced some 75 000 filipino and american prisoners on a 42km death march resulting in thousands of deaths 206 by the end of april japan and its ally thailand had conquered malaya the dutch east indies singapore rabaul and most of burma inflicting severe losses on allied troops and taking a large number of prisoners japanese advances were accompanied by numerous atrocities including the sook ching massacre in singapore 207 the only allied success against japan was a chinese victory at changsha 208 the japanese victories left it overconfident and overextended 209 japanese torpedo bombers fly past the uss yorktown during the battle of midway 4 june 1942 in early may 1942 japan initiated operations to capture port moresby by amphibious assault and thus sever communications and supply lines between the united states and australia the planned invasion was thwarted when an allied task force centred on two american fleet carriers fought japanese naval forces to a draw in the battle of the coral sea 210 japan s next plan motivated by the earlier doolittle raid was to seize midway atoll and lure american carriers into battle to be eliminated as a diversion japan would also send forces to occupy the aleutian islands in alaska 211 in mid may japan started the zhejiang jiangxi campaign in china with the goal of inflicting retribution on the chinese who aided the surviving american airmen in the doolittle raid by destroying chinese air bases and fighting against the chinese 23rd and 32nd army groups 212 213 in early june japan put its operations into action but the americans had broken japanese naval codes in late may and were fully aware of the plans and order of battle and used this knowledge to achieve a decisive victory at midway over the imperial japanese navy 214 with its capacity for aggressive action greatly diminished as a result of the midway battle japan attempted to capture port moresby by an overland campaign in the territory of papua 215 the americans planned a counterattack against japanese positions in the southern solomon islands primarily guadalcanal as a first step towards capturing rabaul the main japanese base in the south pacific 216 both plans started in july but by mid september the battle for guadalcanal took priority for the japanese and troops in new guinea were ordered to withdraw from the port moresby area to the northern part of the island where they faced australian and united states troops in the battle of buna gona 217 guadalcanal soon became a focal point for both sides with heavy commitments of troops and ships in the battle for guadalcanal with japanese forces suffering massive losses in the attrition especially amongst their elite pilots 218 by the start of 1943 the japanese were defeated on the island and withdrew their troops 219 in burma commonwealth forces mounted two operations the first was a disastrous offensive into the arakan region in late 1942 that forced a retreat back to india by may 1943 220 the second was the insertion of irregular forces behind japanese frontlines in february which by the end of april had achieved mixed results 221 eastern front 1942 1943 despite considerable losses in early 1942 germany and its allies stopped a major soviet offensive in central and southern russia keeping most territorial gains they had achieved during the previous year 222 in may the germans defeated soviet offensives in the kerch peninsula and at kharkov 223 the fortress city of sevastopol which the red army had held out against axis siege for nearly 250 days was finally seized with the use of massive artillery bombardments and poison gas 224 in june 1942 germany launched its main summer offensive against southern russia to seize the oil fields of the caucasus and occupy the kuban steppe while maintaining positions on the northern and central areas of the front the germans split army group south into two groups army group a advanced to the lower don river and struck south east to the caucasus while army group b headed towards the volga river the soviet union decided to make its stand at stalingrad on the volga 225 red army soldiers on the counterattack during the battle of stalingrad february 1943 by mid november the germans had nearly taken stalingrad in bitter street fighting the soviet union began its second winter counter offensive starting with an encirclement of the german sixth army at stalingrad 226 and an assault on the rzhev salient near moscow though the latter failed 227 by early february 1943 the german army had taken tremendous losses german troops at stalingrad had been defeated 228 and the front line had been pushed back beyond its position before the summer offensive in mid february after the soviet push had tapered off the germans launched another attack on kharkov creating a salient in their front line around the soviet city of kursk 229 western europe atlantic and mediterranean 1942 1943 american eighth air force boeing b 17 flying fortress bombing raid on the focke wulf factory in germany 9 october 1943 exploiting poor american naval command decisions the german navy ravaged allied shipping off the american atlantic coast 230 the germans launched a north african offensive in january 1942 pushing the british back to positions at the gazala line by early february 231 followed by a temporary lull in combat which germany used to prepare for their upcoming offensives 232 concerns that the japanese might use bases in vichy held madagascar caused the british to invade the island in early may 1942 233 an axis offensive in libya forced an allied retreat deep inside egypt until axis forces were stopped at el alamein 234 on the continent raids of allied commandos on strategic targets culminating in the failed dieppe raid 235 demonstrated the western allies inability to launch an invasion of continental europe without much better preparation equipment and operational security 236 in august 1942 the allies succeeded in repelling a second attack against el alamein 237 and at a high cost managed to deliver desperately needed supplies to the besieged malta 238 a few months later the allies commenced an attack of their own in egypt dislodging the axis forces and beginning a drive west across libya 239 this attack was followed up shortly after by anglo american landings in french north africa which resulted in the region joining the allies 240 hitler responded to the french colony s defection by ordering the occupation of vichy france 240 although vichy forces did not resist this violation of the armistice they managed to scuttle their fleet to prevent its capture by german forces 240 241 axis forces in africa withdrew into tunisia which was conquered by the allies in may 1943 240 242 german operations in the atlantic also suffered by may 1943 as allied counter measures became increasingly effective the resulting sizeable german submarine los...
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