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riginally a wellknown acronym for amnesty international nowadays it refers more commonly to artificial intelligence dvd was originally an acronym for the unofficial term digital video disc but is now stated by the dvd forum as standing for digital versatile disc citation needed gao changed the full form of its name from general accounting office to government accountability office 79 gpo changed the full form of its name from government printing office to government publishing office 80 raid was originally an acronym for redundant array of inexpensive disks but has since been redefined as redundant array of independent disks 81 the uicc was founded as the international union against cancer 82 and its initials originally came from the romance language versions of that name such as french union internationale contre le cancer the english expansion of its name has since been changed to union for international cancer control so that it would also correspond to the uicc acronym wwf was originally an acronym for world wildlife fund but now stands for world wide fund for nature although the organization s branches in the u s and canada still use the original name 83 backronyms edit main article backronym a backronym or bacronym is a phrase that is constructed after the fact from a previously existing word for example the novelist and critic anthony burgess once proposed that the word book ought to stand for box of organized knowledge 84 a classic real world example of this is the name of the predecessor to the apple macintosh the apple lisa which was said to refer to local integrated software architecture but was actually named after steve jobs daughter born in 1978 contrived acronyms edit this section s style of writing may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on wikipedia see wikipedia s guide to writing better articles for suggestions january 2024 learn how and when to remove this message contrived acronyms are deliberately designed to be apt for the thing being named by having a dual meaning or by borrowing the positive connotations of an existing word some examples of contrived acronyms are usa patriot can spam captcha doge and act up citation needed the clothing company french connection began referring to itself as fcuk standing for french connection united kingdom the company then created t shirts and several advertising campaigns that exploit the acronym s similarity to the taboo word fuck contrived acronyms find frequent use as names of fictional agencies with a famous example being frequent james bond antagonist organization spectre special executive for counterintelligence terrorism revenge and extortion the u s department of defense s defense advanced research projects agency darpa is known for developing contrived acronyms to name projects including resurrect nirvana and dude in july 2010 wired magazine reported that darpa announced programs to transform biology from a descriptive to a predictive field of science named batman and robin for biochronicity and temporal mechanisms arising in nature and robustness of biologically inspired networks 85 a reference to comic book superheroes batman and robin the short form names of clinical trials and other scientific studies constitute a large class of acronyms that includes many contrived examples as well as many with a partial rather than complete correspondence of letters to expansion components these trials tend to have full names that are accurately descriptive of what the trial is about but are thus also too long to serve practically as names within the syntax of a sentence so a short name is also developed which can serve as a syntactically useful handle and also provide at least a degree of mnemonic reminder as to the full name examples widely known in medicine include the allhat trial antihypertensive and lipid lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial and the charm trial candesartan in heart failure assessment of reduction in mortality and morbidity the fact that ras syndrome is often involved as well as that the letters often do not entirely match have sometimes been pointed out by annoyed researchers preoccupied by the idea that because the archetypal form of acronyms originated with one to one letter matching there must be some impropriety in their ever deviating from that form however the purpose of clinical trial acronyms as with gene and protein symbols is simply to have a syntactically usable and easily recalled short name to complement the long name that is often syntactically unusable and not memorized it is useful for the short name to give a reminder of the long name which supports the reasonable censure of cutesy examples that provide little to no hint of it but beyond that reasonably close correspondence the short name s chief utility is in functioning cognitively as a name rather than being a cryptic and forgettable string albeit faithful to the matching of letters citation needed other reasonable critiques have been 1 that it is irresponsible to mention trial acronyms without explaining them at least once by providing the long names somewhere in the document 86 and 2 that the proliferation of trial acronyms has resulted in ambiguity such as three different trials all called aspect which is another reason why failing to explain them somewhere in the document is irresponsible in scientific communication 86 at least one study has evaluated the citation impact and other traits of acronym named trials compared with others 87 finding both good aspects mnemonic help name recall and potential flaws connotatively driven bias 87 some acronyms are chosen deliberately to avoid a name considered undesirable for example verliebt in berlin vib a german telenovela was first intended to be alles nur aus liebe all for love but was changed to avoid the resultant acronym anal likewise the computer literacy and internet technology qualification is known as clait 88 rather than clit in canada the canadian conservative reform alliance party was quickly renamed to the canadian reform conservative alliance when its opponents pointed out that its initials spelled ccrap pronounced see crap two irish institutes of technology galway and tralee chose different acronyms from other institutes when they were upgraded from regional technical colleges tralee rtc became the institute of technology tralee itt as opposed to tralee institute of technology tit galway rtc became galway mayo institute of technology gmit as opposed to galway institute of technology git the charity sports organization team in training is known as tnt and not tit technological institute of textile sciences however is still known as tits george mason university was planning to name their law school the antonin scalia school of law assol in honor of the late antonin scalia only to change it to the antonin scalia law school later 89 macronyms nested acronyms edit this section has multiple issues please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page learn how and when to remove these messages this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed february 2020 learn how and when to remove this message this section may contain original research please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations statements consisting only of original research should be removed february 2020 learn how and when to remove this message learn how and when to remove this message a macronym or nested acronym is an acronym in which one or more letters stand for acronyms or abbreviations themselves the word macronym is a portmanteau of macro and acronym some examples of macronyms are xhr stands for xml http request in which xml is extensible markup language and http stands for hypertext transfer protocol power stands for performance optimization with enhanced risc in which risc stands for reduced instruction set computer vhdl stands for vhsic hardware description language in which vhsic stands for very high speed integrated circuit xsd stands for xml schema definition in which xml stands for extensible markup language aim stands for aol instant messenger in which aol originally stood for america online hasp stood for houston automatic spooling priority but spooling itself was an acronym simultaneous peripheral operations on line vortac stands for vor tacan in which vor is vhf omnidirectional range where vhf very high frequency radio and tac is short for tacan which stands for tactical air navigation global information assurance certification has a number of nested acronyms for its certifications e g gsec is an acronym for giac security essentials rbd stands for rem behavior disorder in which rem stands for rapid eye movement some macronyms can be multiply nested the second order acronym points to another one further down a hierarchy vital for example which expands to vhdl initiative towards asic libraries is a total of 15 words when fully expanded in an informal competition run by the magazine new scientist a fully documented specimen was discovered that may be the most deeply nested of all rars is the regional atovs retransmission service atovs is advanced tovs tovs is tiros operational vertical sounder and tiros is television infrared observational satellite 90 fully expanded rars might thus become regional advanced television infrared observational satellite operational vertical sounder retransmission service which would produce the much more unwieldy acronym ratiosovsrs however to say that rars stands directly for that string of words or can be interchanged with it in syntax in the same way that chf can be usefully interchanged with congestive heart failure is a prescriptive misapprehension rather than a linguistically accurate description the true nature of such a term is closer to anacronymic than to being interchangeable like simpler acronyms are the latter are fully reducible in an attempt to spell everything out and avoid all abbreviations but the former are irreducible in that respect they can be annotated with parenthetical explanations but they cannot be eliminated from speech or writing in any useful or practical way just as the words laser and radar function as words in syntax and cognition without a need to focus on their acronymic origins terms such as rars and cha2ds2 vasc score are irreducible in natural language if they are purged the form of language that is left may conform to some imposed rule but it cannot be described as remaining natural similarly protein and gene nomenclature which uses symbols extensively includes such terms as the name of the nacht protein domain which reflects the symbols of some proteins that contain the domain naip nlr family apoptosis inhibitor protein c2ta major histocompatibility complex class ii transcription activator het e incompatibility locus protein from podospora anserine and tp1 telomerase associated protein but is not syntactically reducible to them the name is thus itself more symbol than acronym and its expansion cannot replace it while preserving its function in natural syntax as a name within a clause clearly parsable by human readers or listeners recursive acronyms edit main article recursive acronym a special type of macronym the recursive acronym has letters whose expansion refers back to the macronym itself one of the earliest examples appears in the hacker s dictionary as mung which stands for mung until no good some examples of recursive acronyms are gnu stands for gnu s not unix lame stands for lame ain t an mp3 encoder php stands for php hypertext preprocessor wine stands for wine is not an emulator hurd stands for hird of unix replacing daemons where hird itself stands for hurd of interfaces representing depth a mutually recursive acronym non english languages edit specific languages edit chinese edit with english terminology discussions of languages with syllabic or logographic writing systems such as chinese japanese and korean acronyms describe the short forms that take selected characters from a multi character word for example in chinese university 大學 大学 lit great learning is usually abbreviated simply as 大 great when used with the name of the institute so peking university 北京大学 is commonly shortened to 北大 lit north great by also only taking the first character of peking the northern capital 北京 beijing in some cases however other characters than the first can be selected for example the local short form of hong kong university 香港大學 uses kong 港大 rather than hong citation needed korean edit many aspects of academics in korea follow similar acronym patterns as chinese owing to the two languages commonalities like using the word for big or great i e dae 대 to refer to universities 대학 daehak literally great learning although big school is an acceptable alternate they can be interpreted similarly to american university appellations such as upenn or texas tech some acronyms are shortened forms of the school s name like how hongik university 홍익대학교 hongik daehakgyo is shortened to hongdae 홍대 hong the big school or hong u other acronyms can refer to the university s main subject e g korea national university of education 한국교원대학교 hanguk gyowon daehakgyo is shortened to gyowondae 교원대 big ed or ed u other schools use a koreanized version of their english acronym the korea advanced institute of science and technology 한국과학기술원 hanguk gwahak gisulwon is referred to as kaist 카이스트 kaiseuteu in both english and korean the 3 most prestigious schools in korea are known as sky 스카이 seukai combining the first letter of their english names s eoul national k orea and y onsei universities in addition the college scholastic ability test 대학수학능력시험 daehak suhang neungryeok siheom is shortened to suneung 수능 s a japanese edit main article japanese abbreviated and contracted words the japanese language makes extensive use of abbreviations but only some of these are acronyms chinese based words sino japanese vocabulary use similar acronym formation to chinese like tōdai 東大 for tōkyō daigaku 東京大学 tokyo university it is not always the case that the first character of each word is used as in saikyō for 埼京 from saitama tōkyō 埼玉 東京 which uses the second character of 東京 non chinese foreign borrowings gairaigo are instead frequently abbreviated as clipped compounds rather than acronyms using several initial sounds this is visible in katakana transcriptions of foreign words but is also found with native words written in hiragana for example the pokémon media franchise s name originally stood for pocket monsters ポケ ット モン スター po ke tto mon su tā ポケモン which is still the long form of the name in japanese or wāpuro for word processor ワー ド プロ セッサー wā do pu ro se ssā ワープロ german edit to a greater degree than english german often uses syllabic abbreviations instead of acronyms some examples are gestapo rather than gsp for geheime staatspolizei secret state police ...
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