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stence of a historical jesus virtually all scholars of antiquity accept that jesus was a historical figure and consider the myth theory to be fringe 471 religious perspectives main article religious perspectives on jesus jesus s teachings and the retelling of his life story have significantly influenced the course of human history and have directly or indirectly affected the lives of billions of people even non christians worldwide 472 473 he is considered by many people to be the most influential figure to have ever lived finding a significant place in numerous cultural contexts 474 475 apart from his own disciples and followers 476 the jews of jesus s day generally rejected him as the messiah 477 as does judaism today 478 christian theologians ecumenical councils reformers and others have written extensively about jesus over the centuries christian denominations have often been defined or characterized by their descriptions of jesus meanwhile manichaeans gnostics muslims druzes 479 the baháʼís and others have found prominent places for jesus in their religions 480 473 481 christianity main articles jesus in christianity christ title and christology the trinity is the belief in christianity that god is one god in three persons god the father god the son jesus and god the holy spirit jesus is depicted with the alpha and omega letters in the catacombs of rome from the 4th century jesus is the central figure of christianity 97 although christian views of jesus vary it is possible to summarize the key beliefs shared by the major denominations as stated in their catechetical or confessional texts 482 483 484 christian views of jesus are derived from the texts of the new testament including the canonical gospels and letters such as the pauline epistles and the johannine writings these documents outline the key christian beliefs about jesus including his divinity humanity and earthly life and that he is the christ and the son of god 485 despite their many shared beliefs not all christian denominations agree on all doctrines and both major and minor differences on teachings and beliefs have persisted throughout christianity for centuries 486 the new testament states that the resurrection of jesus is the foundation of the christian faith 487 488 christian doctrine holds that through his sacrificial death and resurrection humans can be reconciled with god and are thereby offered salvation and the promise of eternal life 210 recalling the words of john the baptist in the gospel of john these doctrines sometimes refer to jesus as the lamb of god who was crucified to fulfil his role as the servant of god 489 490 jesus is thus seen as the new and last adam whose obedience contrasts with adam s disobedience 491 christians view jesus as a role model whose god focused life believers are encouraged to imitate 97 most branches of christianity believe that jesus is both human and the son of god 492 while there has been theological debate over his nature w trinitarian christians generally believe that jesus is the logos god s incarnation and god the son both fully divine and fully human the doctrine of the trinity is not universally accepted among christians 494 495 with the reformation christians such as michael servetus and the socinians started questioning the ancient creeds that had established jesus s two natures 28 nontrinitarian christian groups include the church of jesus christ of latter day saints 496 unitarians and jehovah s witnesses 493 christians revere not only jesus but also his name devotions to the holy name of jesus go back to the earliest days of christianity 497 498 these devotions and feasts exist in both eastern and western christianity 498 judaism main article judaism s view of jesus see also jesus in the talmud judaism rejects the idea of jesus or any future jewish messiah being god 435 or a mediator to god or part of a trinity 499 it holds that jesus is not the messiah arguing that he neither fulfilled the messianic prophecies in the tanakh nor embodied the personal qualifications of the messiah 500 jews argue that jesus did not fulfil prophecies to build the third temple 501 gather jews back to israel 502 bring world peace 503 and unite humanity under the god of israel 504 505 furthermore according to jewish tradition there were no prophets after malachi 506 who delivered his prophecies in the 5th century bc 507 judaic criticism of jesus is long standing and includes a range of stories found in the talmud written and compiled between the 3rd and 5th centuries 508 in one such story yeshu hanozri jesus the nazarene a lewd apostate is executed by the jewish high court for spreading idolatry and practising magic 509 according to some the form yeshu is an acronym which in hebrew reads may his name and memory be blotted out 510 the majority of contemporary scholars consider that this material provides no information on the historical jesus 511 the mishneh torah a late 12th century work of jewish law written by moses maimonides states that jesus is a stumbling block who makes the majority of the world to err and serve a god other than the lord 512 mediaeval hebrew literature contains the anecdotal episode of jesus known also as toledot yeshu in which jesus is described as being the son of joseph the son of pandera see episode of jesus the account portrays jesus as an imposter 513 manichaeism main article jesus in manichaeism manichaeism an ancient religious movement became one of the earliest organized religions outside of christianity to honour jesus as a significant figure 514 515 516 within the manichaean belief system jesus is revered alongside other prominent prophets such as zoroaster gautama buddha and mani himself 517 518 islam main article jesus in islam part of a series on islam islamic prophets prophets in the quran listed by islamic name and biblical name ʾādam adam ʾidrīs enoch nūḥ noah hūd eber ṣāliḥ selah ʾibrāhīm abraham lūṭ lot ʾismāʿīl ishmael ʾisḥāq isaac yaʿqūb jacob yūsuf joseph ayyūb job shuʿayb jethro mūsā moses hārūn aaron dhū l kifl ezekiel dāwūd david sulaymān solomon yūnus jonah ʾilyās elijah alyasaʿ elisha zakariyyā zechariah yaḥyā john ʿīsā jesus muḥammad muhammad main events stories of the prophets the three messengers views jews christians and muslims prophets abrahamic prophets islam portal v t e a major figure in islam 519 520 521 jesus often referred to by his quranic name ʿīsā x is considered to be a messenger of god and the messiah al masīḥ who was sent to guide the children of israel banī isrāʾīl with a new scripture the gospel referred to in islam as injīl 521 524 the form ʿīsē is a pre islamic phonosemantic correspondence with the safaitic name ʿsy attested in arabian inscriptions 523 muslims regard the gospels accounts in the new testament as partially authentic and believe that jesus s original message was altered taḥrīf and that muhammad came later to revive it 525 belief in jesus and all other messengers of god is a requirement for being a muslim 526 the quran mentions jesus by name 25 times more often than muhammad 527 528 and emphasizes that jesus was a mortal human who like all other prophets had been divinely chosen to spread god s message 529 while the quran affirms the virgin birth of jesus he is considered to be neither an incarnation nor the son of god 530 531 islamic texts emphasize a strict notion of monotheism tawḥīd and forbid the association of partners with god which would be idolatry 532 islamic miniature of maryam in labour shaking a date palm with baby isa and hidden voice below persian miniature depicting a man who outwardly appeared to the jews as jesus being hanged the quran describes the annunciation to mary maryam by the holy spirit that she is to give birth to jesus while remaining a virgin it calls the virgin birth a miracle that occurred by the will of god 533 534 the quran 21 91 and 66 12 states that god breathed his spirit into mary while she was chaste 533 534 jesus is called a spirit from god because he was born through the action of the spirit 533 but that belief does not imply his pre existence 535 to aid in his ministry to the jewish people jesus was given the ability to perform miracles by permission of god rather than by his own power 531 through his ministry jesus is seen as a precursor to muhammad 529 in the quran 4 155 160 it is said that the jews claim to have killed jesus in a similar manner to previous prophets sent to them but that this was only made to appear that way and that they neither killed nor crucified him and that he was raised into the heavens by god and that he will testify against the jews during the day of resurrection 536 16th century ottoman manuscript illustration depicting isa ascending to heaven carried by two angels below him the jews who sought to kill him stand astonished in disbelief according to most classic sunni and twelver shi ite interpretations of these verses the likeness of jesus was cast upon a substitute most often one of his disciples who was crucified in jesus s stead 537 some mediaeval muslims including the ghulāt writing under the name of al mufaddal ibn umar al ju fi the brethren of purity various isma ili philosophers and the sunni mystic al ghazali affirmed the historicity of jesus s crucifixion these thinkers held the docetic view that although jesus s human body had died on the cross his spirit had survived and ascended into heaven so that his death was only an appearance 538 nevertheless to muslims it is the ascension rather than the crucifixion that constitutes a major event in the life of jesus 539 there is no mention of his resurrection on the third day and his death plays no special role in islamic theories of salvation 540 jesus is a central figure in islamic eschatology muslims believe that he will return to earth at the end of time and defeat the antichrist ad dajjal by killing him 521 541 542 543 according to the quran the coming of muhammad also called ahmad was predicted by jesus and remember when jesus son of mary said o children of israel i am truly allah s messenger to you confirming the torah which came before me and giving good news of a messenger after me whose name will be aḥmad yet when the prophet came to them with clear proofs they said this is pure magic surah as saf 61 6 through this verse early arab muslims claimed legitimacy for their new faith in the existing religious traditions and the predictions of jesus 544 ahmadiyya main article jesus in ahmadiyya the ahmadiyya muslim community has several teachings about jesus 545 ahmadis believe that he was a mortal man who survived his crucifixion and died a natural death at the age of 120 in kashmir india and is buried at roza bal 546 druze further information religious perspectives on jesus druze in the druze faith 479 jesus is considered and revered as one of the seven spokesmen or prophets natiq defined as messengers or intermediaries between god and mankind along with figures including moses muhammad and muhammad ibn isma il each of them sent at a different period of history to preach the message of god 479 547 548 549 550 in druze tradition jesus is known under three titles the true messiah al masih al haq the messiah of all nations masih al umam and the messiah of sinners this is due respectively to the belief that jesus delivered the true gospel message the belief that he was the saviour of all nations and the belief that he offers forgiveness 551 baháʼí faith in the baháʼí faith jesus is considered one of the manifestations of god 552 defined as divine messengers or prophets sent by god to guide humanity along with other religious figures such as moses krishna zoroaster buddha muhammad and baháʼu lláh baháʼís believe that these religious founders or leaders have contributed to the progressive revelation by bringing spiritual and moral values to humanity in their own time and place 553 554 555 556 557 as a manifestation of god jesus is believed to reflect god s qualities and attributes but is not considered the only saviour of humanity nor the incarnation of god 558 559 560 baháʼís believe in the virgin birth 561 562 but see the resurrection and the miracles of jesus as symbolic 563 562 other see also criticism of jesus jesus depicted as the liberator of black slaves on the masthead of the abolitionist paper the liberator enthroned jesus image on a manichaean temple banner from c 10th century qocho in christian gnosticism now a largely extinct religious movement 564 jesus was sent from the divine realm and provided the secret knowledge gnosis necessary for salvation it is important to note that gnosticism is not a homogeneous religion but an umbrella term used by modern scholars to describe diverse religious and philosophical ideas and systems that emerged in the late first century among early christian sects and other religious movements 565 most gnostics believed that jesus was a human who became possessed by the spirit of the christ at his baptism this spirit left jesus s body during the crucifixion but was rejoined to him when he was raised from the dead some gnostics were docetics believing that jesus did not have a physical body but only appeared to possess one 566 the gnostic jesus can both differ greatly from the christian jesus but also build on him for instance the testimony of truth a gnostic christian text found in the nag hammadi library buried around 400 ad explains that the serpent in genesis 3 who instructs adam and eve is jesus 567 hinduism has no established set of beliefs and no universal or common view of jesus however a lot of hindus including religious and political leaders tend to variously consider jesus as either a āchārya sadhu or avatar 568 569 570 some hare krishnas also claim that jesus christ is an exemplary hare krishna devotee and was predicted and prophesied in the bhavishya purana 571 paramahansa yogananda an indian guru taught that jesus was the reincarnation of elisha and a student of john the baptist the reincarnation of elijah 572 some buddhists including tenzin gyatso the 14th dalai lama regard jesus as a bodhisattva who dedicated his life to the welfare of people 573 the new age movement entertains a wide variety of views on jesus 574 theosophists from whom many new age teachings originated 575 refer to jesus as the master jesus a spiritual reformer and they believe that christ after various incarnations occupied the body of jesus 576 in the anthroposophy founded by rudolf steiner jesus christ is a central balancing force mediating between the two opposing polarities of evil namely the fanatical exalted mysticism of lucifer and the cold materialism of ahriman 577 atheists reject jesus s divinity but have different views about him from challenging his mental health 578 579 to emphasizing his moral superiority richard dawkins 580 artistic depictions main articles depiction of jesus and life of christ in art jesus healing a paralytic in one of the first known images of jesus ...
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