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acagawea and toussaint charbonneau 29 additional documentary evidence supporting the hidatsa account includes a u s government individual history card from fort berthold listing eagle woman as bulls eye s grandmother jean baptiste charbonneau s 1866 obituary describing his mother as a half breed of the crow tribe an unpublished diary calling jean baptiste half crow indian with no mention of shoshone ancestry 36 shoshone tradition in 1925 dr charles eastman a dakota sioux physician was hired by the bureau of indian affairs to locate sacagawea s remains 37 eastman visited various native american tribes to interview elders who might have known or heard of sacagawea he learned of a shoshone woman at the wind river reservation with the comanche name porivo chief woman some of those he interviewed said that she spoke of a long journey wherein she had helped white men and that she had a silver jefferson peace medal of the type carried by the lewis and clark expedition he found a comanche woman named tacutine who said that porivo was her grandmother according to tacutine porivo had married into a comanche tribe and had a number of children including tacutine s father ticannaf porivo left the tribe after her husband jerk meat was killed 37 according to these narratives porivo lived for some time at fort bridger in wyoming with her sons bazil and baptiste who each knew several languages including english and french eventually she returned to the lemhi shoshone at the wind river reservation where she was recorded as bazil s mother 37 this woman porivo is believed to have died on april 9 1884 38 she was present for the negotiations for the 1868 treaty that created the wind river reservation and later helped her people transition to reservation life eastman concluded that porivo was sacagawea 39 in 1963 a monument to sacajawea of the shoshonis was erected at fort washakie on the wind river reservation near lander wyoming on the basis of this claim 40 the belief that sacagawea lived to old age and died in wyoming was widely disseminated in the united states through sacajawea 1933 a biography written by grace raymond hebard based on her 30 years of research 41 mickelson recounts the findings of thomas h johnson who argues in his also called sacajawea chief woman s stolen identity 2007 that hebard identified the wrong woman when she relied upon oral history that an old woman who died and is buried on the wyoming wind river reservation was sacajawea critics have also questioned hebard s work 41 because she portrayed sacajawea in a manner described as undeniably long on romance and short on hard evidence suffering from a sentimentalization of indian culture 42 name the name is a compound of two common hidatsa nouns cagáàga tsakáàka bird and míà míà woman the compound is written as cagáàgawia bird woman in modern hidatsa orthography and pronounced tsakáàkawia m is pronounced w between vowels in hidatsa the double aa in the name indicates a long vowel while the diacritics suggest a falling pitch pattern hidatsa is a pitch accent language that does not have stress therefore in the hidatsa pronunciation all syllables in tsaɡáàɡawia are pronounced with roughly the same relative emphasis however most english speakers perceive the accented syllable the long aa as stressed in faithful rendering of cagáàgawia to other languages it is advisable to emphasize the second long syllable rather than the i syllable as is common in english 43 the name has several spelling traditions in english the origin of each tradition is described in the following sections sacajawea the spelling sacajawea ˌ s æ k ə dʒ ə ˈ w iː ə is said to have derived from shoshone saca tzaw meah meaning boat puller or boat launcher 10 in contrast to the hidatsa etymology more popular among academics sacajawea is the preferred spelling used by her own tribe the lemhi shoshone people some of whom claim that her hidatsa captors transliterated her shoshone name in their own language and pronounced it according to their own dialect 44 that is they heard a name that approximated tsakaka and wia and interpreted it as bird woman substituting their hard g k pronunciation for the softer tz j sound that did not exist in the hidatsa language 44 the use of this spelling almost certainly originated with nicholas biddle who used the j when he annotated the journals of the lewis and clark expedition for publication in 1814 this use became more widespread with the publication in 1902 of eva emery dye s novel the conquest the true story of lewis and clark it is likely that dye used biddle s secondary source for the spelling and her highly popular book made this version ubiquitous throughout the united states previously most non scholars had never even heard of sacagawea 45 rozina george great great great great granddaughter of cameahwait says the agaidika tribe of lemhi shoshone do not recognize the spelling or pronunciation sacagawea schools named in the interpreter s honor and other memorials erected in the area surrounding her birthplace use the spelling sacajawea 46 the lemhi shoshone call her sacajawea it is derived from the shoshone word for her name saca tzah we yaa in his cash book william clark spells sacajawea with a j also william clark and private george shannon explained to nicholas biddle published the first lewis and clark journals in 1814 about the pronunciation of her name and how the tz sounds more like a j what better authority on the pronunciation of her name than clark and shannon who traveled with her and constantly heard the pronunciation of her name we do not believe it is a minnetaree hidatsa word for her name sacajawea was a lemhi shoshone not a hidatsa the lemhi shoshone translate her name to mean a burden or one who carries a hevy burden idaho native john rees explored the boat launcher etymology in a long letter to the u s commissioner of indian affairs written in the 1920s 10 it was republished in 1970 by the lemhi county historical society as a pamphlet entitled madame charbonneau and contains many of the arguments in favor of the shoshone derivation of the name 44 10 the spelling sacajawea although widely taught until the late 20th century is considered incorrect by modern academia linguistics professor dr sven liljeblad from idaho state university in pocatello argues that it is unlikely that sacajawea is a shoshoni word the term for boat in shoshoni is saiki but the rest of the alleged compound would be incomprehensible to a native speaker of shoshoni 10 the spelling with a j has subsided from general use although the corresponding soft j pronunciation persists sacagawea sacagawea is the most widely used spelling of her name usually pronounced with a hard g sound s ə ˌ k ɑː ɡ ə ˈ w iː ə occasionally with a soft g or j sound ˌ s æ k ə dʒ ə ˈ w iː ə lewis and clark s original journals mention sacagawea by name seventeen times spelled eight different ways all with a g clark used sahkahgarwea sahcahgagwea sarcargahwea and sahcahgahweah while lewis used sahcahgahwea sahcahgarweah sahcargarweah and sahcahgar wea the spelling sacagawea was established in 1910 by the bureau of american ethnology as the proper usage in government documents it would be the spelling adopted by the u s mint for use with the dollar coin as well as the u s board on geographic names and the national park service the spelling is also used by numerous historical scholars 47 sakakawea sakakawea s ə ˌ k ɑː k ə ˈ w iː ə is the next most widely adopted spelling and is the most often accepted among specialists who 48 proponents say the name comes from the hidatsa tsakáka wía bird woman 49 50 charbonneau told expedition members that his wife s name meant bird woman and in may 1805 lewis used the hidatsa meaning in his journal a handsome river of about fifty yards in width discharged itself into the shell river t his stream we called sah ca gah we ah or bird woman s river after our interpreter the snake woman sakakawea is the official spelling of her name according to the three affiliated tribes which include the hidatsa this spelling is widely used throughout north dakota where she is considered a state heroine notably in the naming of lake sakakawea the extensive reservoir of garrison dam on the missouri river the north dakota state historical society quotes russell reid s 1986 book sakakawea the bird woman 51 her hidatsa name which charbonneau stated meant bird woman should be spelled tsakakawias according to the foremost hidatsa language authority dr washington matthews when this name is anglicized for easy pronunciation it becomes sakakawea sakaka meaning bird and wea meaning woman this is the spelling adopted by north dakota the spelling authorized for the use of federal agencies by the united states geographic board is sacagawea although not closely following hidatsa spelling the pronunciation is quite similar and the geographic board acknowledged the name to be a hidatsa word meaning bird woman irving w anderson president of the lewis and clark trail heritage foundation says 10 t he sakakawea spelling similarly is not found in the lewis and clark journals to the contrary this spelling traces its origin neither through a personal connection with her nor in any primary literature of the expedition it has been independently constructed from two hidatsa indian words found in the dictionary ethnography and philology of the hidatsa indians 1877 published by the government printing office 52 compiled by a united states army surgeon dr washington matthews 65 years following sacagawea s death the words appear verbatim in the dictionary as tsa ka ka noun a bird and mia wia bia noun a woman in popular culture some fictional accounts speculate that sacagawea was romantically involved with lewis or clark during their expedition which but while the journals show that she was friendly with clark and would often do favors for him the idea of a romantic liaison was created by novelists who wrote much later about the expedition this fiction was perpetuated in the western film the far horizons 1955 film and television several movies both documentaries and fiction have been made about or featuring sacagawea 53 the far horizons 1955 played by donna reed lewis clark great journey west 2002 played by alex rice jefferson s west 2003 played by cedar henry the simpsons season 15 episode 11 margical history tour 2004 played by lisa simpson journey of sacagawea 2004 bill and meriwether s excellent adventure 2006 played by crystal lysne night at the museum 2006 played by mizuo peck the spirit of sacajawea 2007 night at the museum 2 battle of the smithsonian 2009 played by mizuo peck night at the museum secret of the tomb 2014 played by mizuo peck literature two early twentieth century novels shaped much of the public perception of sacagawea the conquest the true story of lewis and clark 1902 was written by american suffragist eva emery dye and published in anticipation of the expedition s centennial 54 the national american woman suffrage association embraced her as a female hero and numerous stories and essays about her were published in ladies journals a few decades later grace raymond hebard published sacajawea guide and interpreter of lewis and clark 1933 to even greater success 17 sacagawea has since become a popular figure in historical and young adult novels in her novel sacajawea 1984 anna lee waldo explored the story of sacajawea s returning to wyoming 50 years after her departure the author was well aware of the historical research supporting an 1812 death but she chose to explore the oral tradition citation needed the lost journals of sacajewea by debra magpie earling she was never a guide by the editors of way out west 55 music and theatre in philip glass s piano concerto no 2 after lewis clark the second movement is entitled sacagawea sacagawea is mentioned in the schoolhouse rock song elbow room as the guide for lewis and clark 56 sacagewea is referenced in stevie wonder s song black man from the album songs in the key of life 1976 tingstad rumbel s 1988 album legends includes a piece entitled sacajawea 57 sacagawea is the name of a musical by craig bohmler and mary bracken phillips it was commissioned by the willows theatre company in northern california and premiered at the annual john muir festival in the summer of 2008 at the alhambra performing arts center in martinez 58 59 60 61 in 2010 italian pianist and composer alessandra celletti released sketches of sacagawea a limited edition tribute box set with an album and accompanying book on al kemi lab 62 other media the dinner party an artwork installation by feminist artist judy chicago features a place setting for sacagawea in wing three part of american revolution to the women s revolution 63 the first episode of the history podcast the broadsides includes discussion of sacagawea and her accomplishments during the lewis and clark expedition 64 memorials and honors the sacajawea interpretive cultural and educational center located in salmon idaho by the rivers and mountains of sacajawea s homeland it contains a small museum and gift shop in a 71 acre 290 000 m 2 park it is owned and operated by the city of salmon in partnership with the bureau of land management idaho governor s lewis clark trail committee salmon challis national forest idaho department of fish game and numerous non profit and volunteer organizations 65 sacagawea was an important member of the lewis and clark expedition the national american woman suffrage association of the early 20th century adopted her as a symbol of women s worth and independence erecting several statues and plaques in her memory and doing much to spread the story of her accomplishments 6 page needed in 1959 sacagawea was inducted into the hall of great westerners of the national cowboy western heritage museum 2 in 1976 she was inducted into the national cowgirl museum and hall of fame in fort worth texas 3 in 2001 she was given the title of honorary sergeant regular army by president bill clinton 66 in 2003 she was inducted into the national women s hall of fame 4 the uss sacagawea is one of several united states ships named in her honor every august the town of cloverport kentucky holds a festival named in her honor 67 in 1994 usps released 29 cent stamp honoring sacagawea 68 coinage in 2000 the united states mint issued the sacagawea dollar coin in her honor depicting sacagawea and her son jean baptiste charbonneau because no contemporary image of sacagawea exists the face on the coin was modeled on a modern shoshone bannock woman randy l he dow teton the portrait design is unusual as the copyrights have been assigned to and are owned by the u s mint the portrait is not in the public domain as most u s coin designs are 69 geography and parks lake sakakawea in north dakota sacajawea memorial area at lemhi pass a national historic landmark managed by the national forest service and located on the boundary of mont...
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