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rysk gaeilge galego עברית हिन्दी hrvatski հայերեն bahasa indonesia íslenska italiano 日本語 jawa 한국어 кыргызча lëtzebuergesch lietuvių latviešu madhurâ македонски മലയാളം монгол bahasa melayu nederlands norsk bokmål occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ polski پنجابی پښتو português română русский සිංහල simple english shqip српски srpski svenska kiswahili தமிழ் тоҷикӣ ไทย tagalog türkçe українська اردو oʻzbekcha ўзбекча tiếng việt 文言 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons meta wiki wikiquote wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia unwanted sexual attention or advances for other uses see sexual harassment disambiguation acted depiction of a man making an unwelcome sexual advance on a woman by putting his hand on her thigh sex and the law social issues abortion access to abortion age of consent antisexualism bodily integrity circumcision consent deviant sexual intercourse ethics homophobia capital punishment criminalization lgbtq rights conversion therapy decriminalization civil union same sex marriage adoption intersex transgender marriageable age miscegenation norms objectification pedophile advocacy pornography laws definitions public morality prostitution red light district reproductive rights sex industry workers rights decriminalization world charter sexual rights survival sex specific offences varies by jurisdiction adultery laws anti miscegenation u s laws bestiality child pornography laws child prostitution criminal transmission of hiv cybersex trafficking female genital mutilation forced circumcision forcible touching fornication incest obscenity u s law pimping prostitution forced procuring public indecency rape statutory marital revenge porn seduction sex trafficking sexting sexual abuse child sexual assault sexual harassment sexual grooming slavery sodomy u s laws female sodomy uk section 63 2008 violence trafficking voyeurism sex offender registration sex offender registry sex offender registries in the united states portals human sexuality portal law portal v t e sexual harassment primarily refers to harassment involving unwanted sexual behavior though it may occasionally refer to harassment with a sexist targeting pattern 1 2 although some types of sexual harassment seem to be motivated by sexual desire they are more often committed to hurt women or punish people for violating gender norms 1 popular understanding of sexual harassment primarily focuses on sexual coercion and unwanted sexual advances which are less common than other types of harassment all types of sexual harassment can harm a victim s physical and mental health and affect their personal and professional lives 3 sexual harassment may involve harassers or victims of any gender occur between friends or strangers involve equal or subordinate relationships and consist of verbal physical or indirect actions 4 examples may involve insulting sexual or sexist remarks offensive sexual innuendo indecent exposure sexting sexual roleplay collecting or disseminating photos of the victim in private moments demanding or requesting sexual favors as bribery and sexual assault like groping or rape 2 5 in most countries certain types of workplace sexual harassment are illegal as a form of employment discrimination the legal and social understanding of sexual harassment varies by culture 6 employment laws do not impose a general civility code so they generally do not prohibit minor isolated harassment incidents 7 in many countries harassment may be considered illegal when it is frequent or severe enough to create a hostile or offensive work environment or when it results in an adverse employment decision such as the victim s demotion firing or quitting over 100 countries have laws against both hostile environment and quid pro quo types of sexual harassment and dozens have laws specifically addressing sexual harassment based on sexual orientation or gender identity 6 for many businesses or organizations preventing sexual harassment and defending employees from sexual harassment charges have become key goals of legal decision making etymology and history edit the term sexual harassment was coined in the 1970s and its meaning and popularity as a concept have grown over time 8 however the behaviors it describes are common across cultures and eras and have also been described by other terms although discussion of sexual harassment has frequently been silenced and trivialized over time reports of workplace sexual harassment have been documented since at least the 1600s 9 the framing of sexual harassment as a legal issue also originated in the 1970s 10 since the 1990s many countries have adopted laws targeting sexual harassment and social movements like metoo have raised awareness of the concept and spurred social and legal change 6 the term sexual harassment edit the first documented use of the term sexual harassment was in a 1973 report about discrimination called saturn s rings by mary rowe ph d 11 at the time rowe was the special assistant to the president and chancellor for women and work at the massachusetts institute of technology mit 12 due to her efforts at mit the university was one of the first large organizations in the u s to develop specific policies and procedures aimed at stopping sexual harassment 13 rowe says that harassment of women in the workplace was being discussed in women s groups in massachusetts in the early 1970s citation needed at cornell university instructor lin farley discovered that women in a discussion group repeatedly described being fired or quitting a job because they were harassed and intimidated by men 14 she and colleagues used the term sexual harassment to describe the problem and generate interest in a speak out event in may 1975 she later described sexual harassment at length in 1975 testimony before the new york city human rights commission 15 16 in the book in our time memoir of a revolution 1999 journalist susan brownmiller says the women at cornell became public activists after being asked for help by carmita dickerson wood a 44 year old single mother who was being harassed by a faculty member at cornell s department of nuclear physics 17 18 19 these activists lin farley susan meyer and karen sauvigne went on to form working women united which along with the alliance against sexual coercion founded in 1976 by freada klein lynn wehrli and elizabeth cohn stuntz was among the pioneer organizations to bring sexual harassment to public attention in the late 1970s 20 farley also wrote a book to raise awareness sexual shakedown the sexual harassment of women on the job first published by mcgraw hill in 1978 14 sexual shakedown inspired the first workplace training video on sexual harassment 21 legal view edit the legal understanding of sexual harassment developed through lawsuits women brought forward in the u s in the 1970s and 1980s 10 22 the development of u s laws on sexual harassment in workplaces shaped similar developments in other countries 23 many of the women pursuing the earliest u s cases were african american often former civil rights activists who applied principles of civil rights to sex discrimination 22 early precedent was set with williams v saxbe 1976 and paulette l barnes appellant v douglas m costle administrator of the environmental protection agency 1977 which determined it was sex discrimination to fire someone for refusing a supervisor s advances 22 24 in 1979 american legal scholar and activist catharine mackinnon published a seminal book called sexual harassment of working women 25 she popularized the argument that some workplace sexual harassment was consistent with sex discrimination and therefore prohibited behavior under title vii of the civil rights act of 1964 26 mackinnon also developed the legal classification of sexual harassment types as quid pro quo or hostile environment harassment 8 mackinnon s arguments were key to developing international legal understandings of sexual harassment 8 10 20 harassment regarding sexual orientation rather than gender alone is recognized as a form of sexual harassment under some laws in the u s sexual harassment case law continued soon after with bundy v jackson 1981 the first federal appeals court case to hold that workplace sexual harassment was employment discrimination five years later the supreme court agreed with this holding in meritor savings bank v vinson 27 another pioneering legal case was alexander v yale 1980 which established that the sexual harassment of female students could be considered sex discrimination under title ix and was thus illegal 28 the first class action lawsuit jenson v eveleth taconite co was filed in 1988 concluding nine years later 29 similar precedents were set throughout the 1980s in the uk based on the 1975 sex discrimination act 10 throughout the late 1980s other countries began to establish laws against sexual harassment and by 1994 australia belgium canada denmark france germany ireland japan the netherlands new zealand norway spain switzerland and sweden had established laws targeting sexual harassment 23 by 2021 142 countries had laws against sexual harassment in the workplace with 103 countries prohibiting both quid pro quo and hostile environment harassment 39 countries had laws explicitly prohibiting sexual harassment based on sexual orientation and 24 countries explicitly addressed harassment based on gender identity 6 beyond sexual advances edit definitions of sexual harassment have changed over time and common legal definitions now differ in some ways from those used by psychologists and other researchers all tend to incorporate an element of unwelcome behavior but researchers often define sexual harassment by the behavior that occurred while legal definitions focus on whether certain requirements are met 30 over the 1980s and 1990s psychologists defined gender harassment as a key subtype of sexual harassment gender harassment is a class of verbal or nonverbal behaviors that insult or provoke based on gender examples include sexual comments or jokes sexualized imagery and comments based on gendered stereotypes 31 32 notably all of these examples were provided in rowe s original 1973 saturn s rings report on sexual harassment and discrimination 33 there are many motivations for gender harassment but two important ones are sexist beliefs and gender policing both factors cause gender harassment to reinforce existing gender roles causing legal scholar katherine franke to label gender harassment as a technology of sexism 34 gender harassment has nothing to do with sexual attraction and is not a type of sexual advance this can make it confusing that it is a type of sexual harassment because the word sexual seems to imply underlying sexual desire 34 initial legal and social theories of sexual harassment often viewed it as motivated by sexual desire however explanations of the underlying cause later changed to a male desire to dominate or a desire for anyone to maintain their sex based social status 35 these theories reframe sexual harassment as harassment based on sex or gender rather than something inherently sexual various legal and sociological definitions of sexual harassment include non sexual sexist behavior but the emphasis on the word sexual means the definitions often cause confusion and debate 35 36 some laws explicitly cover unwanted sexual and sex based behavior under their definition of sexual harassment while others define sex based harassment and sexual harassment as two different types of harassment 37 some researchers have advocated for the term sexual harassment to be replaced with sex based harassment to emphasize the fact that these types of harassment center on gender not the presence of sexual desire in harassment 34 36 in the late 1990s some legal scholars began to advocate for more explicitly including gender harassment in sexual harassment law but this was a minority view 38 existing sexual harassment law frequently does cover some instances of gender harassment but it is often viewed as less severe than other types of sexual harassment in a legal context however psychologists continue to emphasize the study of gender harassment because it is by far the most common type of harassment and has major negative consequences both for the individuals faced with it and the groups who are exposed to repeated gender harassment 39 aspects edit quid pro quo exchange illustrated in a lithograph created around 1912 called executing a writ so like this i don t owe any rent there is no universal definition of sexual harassment understandings of it vary across legal scientific and cultural settings 40 social scientists define sexual harassment by the type of behavior involved and its effect on victims by these definitions sexual harassment includes hostile sexist acts gender harassment unwanted sexual attention and sexual coercion 3 legal definitions of workplace sexual harassment tend to classify it into quid pro quo demands for sexual favors in exchange for job impacts or offensive conduct that creates a hostile environment laws differ on whether both are considered illegal sexual harassment and whether sexual harassment includes only sexually related harassment or also harassment based on gender 6 sexual harassment also includes other types examples can be making sexual comments or jokes touching someone without their consent indecent exposure 41 and sending unwanted messages actions like this can make people feel uncomfortable or even disrespected because of things like this a lot of workplaces have created policies to prevent sexual harassment and also to help people report it 21 labeling as sexual harassment edit one of the difficulties in understanding sexual harassment is that it involves a range of behaviors in most cases although not in all cases it is difficult for the victim to describe what they experienced this can be related to difficulty classifying the situation or to stress and humiliation experienced by the recipient moreover behavior and motives vary between individual cases 42 many instances of sexual harassment are not actually labeled that way by the involved parties for female victims of experiences that match social science definitions of sexual harassment victims only self label the experience as sexual harassment 25 of the time the rate is even lower for male victims however whether victims label an incident as sexual harassment or not they report the same levels of distress and negative impact 43 this labeling issue was first discovered after other researchers found that victims of rape are similarly unlikely to label their experience as rape 44 many contex...
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