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ex food webs 38 consequently species richness per se has very little influence on soil processes and functional dissimilarity can have stronger impacts on ecosystem functioning 39 therefore besides the difficulties in linking above and below ground diversities at different spatial scales gaining a better understanding of the biotic effects on ecosystem processes might require incorporating a great number of components together with several multi trophic levels 40 as well as the much less considered non trophic interactions such as phoresy passive consumption 41 in addition if soil systems are indeed self organized and soil organisms concentrate their activities within a selected set of discrete scales with some form of overall coordination 42 there is no need for looking for external factors controlling the assemblages of soil constituents instead we might just need to recognize the unexpected and that the linkages between above and below ground diversity and soil processes are difficult to predict 26 microfauna edit recent advances are emerging from studying sub organism level responses using environmental dna 43 various omics approaches such as metagenomics metatranscriptomics proteomics and proteogenomics are rapidly advancing at least for the microbial world 44 metaphenomics has been proposed recently as a better way to encompass the omics and the environmental constraints 45 26 soil microbes edit main article soil microbiology soil harbors many microbes bacteria archaea protist fungi and viruses 46 a majority of these microbes have not been cultured and remain undescribed 47 development of next generation sequencing technologies open up the avenue to investigate microbial diversity in soil 48 one feature of soil microbes is spatial separation which influences microbe to microbe interactions and ecosystem functioning in the soil habitat 49 microorganisms in soil are found to be concentrated in specific sites called hot spots which are characterized by an abundance of resources such as moisture or nutrients 50 examples include the rhizosphere and areas with accumulated organic matter such as the detritusphere 51 these areas are characterized by the presence of decaying root litter and exudates released from plant roots which regulates the availability of carbon and nitrogen and in consequence modulate microbial processes 51 apart from labile organic carbon spatial separation of microbes in soil may be influenced by other environmental factors such as temperature and moisture 52 other abiotic factors like ph and mineral nutrient composition may also influence the distribution of microorganisms in soil 53 variability of these factors make soil a dynamic system 54 interactions between members of the soil microhabitat take place via chemical signaling which is mediated by soluble metabolites and volatile organic compounds in addition to extracellular polysaccharides 55 chemical signals enable microbes to interact for example bacterial peptidoglycans stimulate growth of candida albicans 56 reciprocally c albicans production of farnesol modulates the expression of virulence genes and influences bacterial quorum sensing 57 trophic interactions by microbes in the same environment is driven by molecular communication 58 microbes may also exchange metabolites to support each other s growth e g the release of extracellular enzymes by ectomycorrhiza decomposes organic matter and release nutrients which then benefit other members of the population in exchange organic acids from bacteria stimulate fungal growth 59 these examples of trophic interactions especially metabolite dependencies drive species interactions and are important in the assembly of soil microbial communities 58 soil food web edit main article soil food web diverse organisms make up the soil food web they range in size from one celled bacteria algae fungi and protozoa to more complex nematodes and micro arthropods to the visible earthworms insects small vertebrates and plants as these organisms eat grow and move through the soil they make it possible to have clean water clean air healthy plants and moderated water flow there are many ways that the soil food web is an integral part of landscape processes soil organisms decompose organic compounds including manure plant residues and pesticides preventing them from entering water and becoming pollutants 31 they sequester nitrogen and other nutrients that might otherwise enter groundwater and they fix nitrogen from the atmosphere making it available to plants many organisms enhance soil aggregation and porosity thus increasing infiltration and reducing surface runoff soil organisms also prey on crop pests and are food for above ground animals research edit research interests span many aspects of soil ecology and microbiology fundamentally researchers are interested in understanding the interplay among microorganisms fauna and plants the biogeochemical processes they carry out and the physical environment in which their activities take place researchers apply this knowledge to address environmental problems notable scientific journals publishing current scientific research on soil ecology include applied soil ecology soil ecology letters and npj soil ecology current research in soil ecology is investigating the biogeochemistry and microbial ecology of septic drain field soils used to treat domestic wastewater the role of anecic earthworms in controlling the movement of water and nitrogen cycle in agricultural soils and the assessment of soil quality in turf production 60 as of 2006 one research topic of particular interest is understanding the roles and functions of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in natural ecosystems the effect of anthropic soil conditions on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and the production of glomalin by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are both of interest due to their roles in sequestering atmospheric carbon dioxide see also edit anoxic microsites in 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