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y the british army sir william howe then commander in chief of british forces in north america led the british army in the siege on june 17 the british captured charlestown in present day boston during the battle of bunker hill in what proved to be a pyrrhic victory bunker hill also demonstrated the skill and training of the patriot militia and led the british to avoid further large scale engagements for the rest of the boston campaign 46 47 on june 14 1775 in an effort to unify the revolutionary war effort the second continental congress convening in the colonial era capital of philadelphia founded the continental army and unanimously appointed george washington as its commander in chief washington then immediately departed philadelphia for boston where he arrived on july 2 and led the continental army in the siege fighting was limited to small scale raids and skirmishes and american troops faced challenges with a deficiency of munitions and supplies boston neck then narrow and only approximately 100 feet wide impeded washington s ability to launch a frontal assault on boston which led to a prolonged stalemate between the american besiegers and the besieged british garrison a young american officer rufus putnam came up with a plan to make portable fortifications out of wood which were erected on the frozen ground under cover of darkness putnam supervised the effort which successfully installed the fortifications and dozens of cannons on dorchester heights that henry knox brought through the snow from fort ticonderoga when the british discovered the newly emplaced artillery they responded by launching a cannon barrage for two hours which proved unable to reach the american cannons perceiving that his position was untenable howe ordered his troops to evacuate boston which was carried out on march 17 the date is celebrated annually in boston as evacuation day 45 46 48 post revolution and the war of 1812 edit state street in 1801 after the revolution boston s long seafaring tradition helped make it one of the nation s busiest ports for both domestic and international trade boston s harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the embargo act of 1807 which was adopted during the napoleonic wars and the war of 1812 foreign trade returned after these hostilities but boston s merchants had found alternatives for their capital investments in the meantime manufacturing became an important component of the city s economy and the city s industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid 19th century the small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories later a dense network of railroads furthered the region s industry and commerce 49 during this period boston also flourished culturally it was admired for its rarefied literary life and generous artistic patronage 50 51 members of old boston families later dubbed boston brahmins came to be regarded as the nation s social and cultural elites 52 they are often associated with the american upper class harvard university 53 and the episcopal church 54 55 boston was a prominent port of the atlantic slave trade in the new england colonies but was soon overtaken by salem massachusetts and newport rhode island 56 boston eventually became a center of the american abolitionist movement 57 the city reacted largely negatively to the fugitive slave act of 1850 58 contributing to president franklin pierce s attempt to make an example of boston after anthony burns s attempt to escape to freedom 59 60 in 1822 16 the citizens of boston voted to change the official name from the town of boston to the city of boston and on march 19 1822 the people of boston accepted the charter incorporating the city 61 at the time boston was chartered as a city the population was about 46 226 while the area of the city was only 4 8 sq mi 12 km 2 61 19th century edit boston as the eagle and the wild goose see it an 1860 photograph by james wallace black the first recorded aerial photograph in the 1820s boston s population grew rapidly and the city s ethnic composition changed dramatically with the first wave of european immigrants irish immigrants dominated the first wave of newcomers during this period especially following the great famine by 1850 about 35 000 irish lived in boston 62 in the latter half of the 19th century the city saw increasing numbers of irish germans lebanese syrians 63 french canadians and russian and polish jews settling there by 19th century s end boston s core neighborhoods had become enclaves of ethnically distinct immigrants with their residence yielding lasting cultural change italians became the largest inhabitants of the north end 64 irish dominated south boston and charlestown and russian jews lived in the west end irish and italian immigrants brought with them roman catholicism currently catholics make up boston s largest religious community 65 and the irish have played a major role in boston politics since the early 20th century prominent figures include the kennedys tip o neill and john f fitzgerald 66 between 1631 and 1890 the city tripled its area through land reclamation by filling in marshes mud flats and gaps between wharves along the waterfront reclamation projects in the middle of the 19th century created significant parts of the south end the west end the financial district and chinatown 67 after the great boston fire of 1872 workers used building rubble as landfill along the downtown waterfront during the mid to late 19th century workers filled almost 600 acres 240 ha of brackish charles river marshlands west of boston common with gravel brought by rail from the hills of needham heights the city annexed the adjacent towns of south boston 1804 east boston 1836 roxbury 1868 dorchester including present day mattapan and a portion of south boston 1870 brighton including present day allston 1874 west roxbury including present day jamaica plain and roslindale 1874 charlestown 1874 and hyde park 1912 68 69 other proposals were unsuccessful for the annexation of brookline cambridge 70 and chelsea 71 72 20th century edit haymarket square in 1909 many architecturally significant buildings were built during the early years of the 20th century horticultural hall 73 the tennis and racquet club 74 isabella stewart gardner museum 75 76 fenway studios 77 jordan hall 78 and the boston opera house the longfellow bridge 79 built in 1906 was mentioned by robert mccloskey in make way for ducklings describing its salt and pepper shakers feature 80 fenway park home of the boston red sox opened in 1912 81 with the boston garden opening in 1928 82 logan international airport opened on september 8 1923 83 on january 15 1919 a flood of molasses in the north end killed 21 people and injured 150 84 on november 28 1942 boston s cocoanut grove nightclub was the site of the cocoanut grove fire the deadliest nightclub fire in united states history killing 492 people and injuring hundreds more 85 by the early to mid 20th century boston declined economically as factories became old and obsolete and businesses moved out of the region for cheaper labor elsewhere 86 boston responded by initiating various urban renewal projects under the direction of the boston redevelopment authority bra established in 1957 in 1958 bra initiated a project to improve the historic west end neighborhood extensive demolition was met with strong public opposition and thousands of families were displaced 87 outdoor market at haymarket square in 1973 the bra continued implementing eminent domain projects including the clearance of the vibrant scollay square area for construction of the modernist style government center in 1965 the columbia point health center opened in the dorchester neighborhood the first community health center in the united states it mostly served the massive columbia point public housing complex adjoining it which was built in 1953 the health center is still in operation and was rededicated in 1990 as the geiger gibson community health center 88 the columbia point complex itself was redeveloped and revitalized from 1984 to 1990 into a mixed income residential development called harbor point apartments 89 by the 1970s the city s economy had begun to recover after 30 years of economic downturn a large number of high rises were constructed in the financial district and in boston s back bay during this period 90 this boom continued into the mid 1980s and resumed after a few pauses hospitals such as massachusetts general hospital beth israel deaconess medical center and brigham and women s hospital lead the nation in medical innovation and patient care schools such as the boston architectural college boston college boston university harvard medical school tufts university school of medicine northeastern university massachusetts college of art and design wentworth institute of technology berklee college of music boston conservatory and others attract students to the area nevertheless the city experienced conflict starting in 1974 over desegregation busing which resulted in unrest and violence around public schools throughout the mid 1970s 91 boston has also experienced gentrification in the latter half of the 20th century 92 with housing prices increasing sharply since the 1990s when the city s rent control regime was struck down by statewide ballot proposition 93 21st century edit the charles river in front of boston s back bay neighborhood in 2013 boston is an intellectual technological and political center however it has lost some important regional institutions 94 including the loss to mergers and acquisitions of local financial institutions such as fleetboston financial which was acquired by charlotte based bank of america in 2004 95 boston based department stores jordan marsh and filene s have both merged into the new york city based macy s 96 the 1993 acquisition of the boston globe by the new york times 97 was reversed in 2013 when it was resold to boston businessman john w henry in 2016 it was announced general electric would be moving its corporate headquarters from connecticut to the seaport district in boston joining many other companies in this rapidly developing neighborhood 98 the city also saw the completion of the central artery tunnel project known as the big dig in 2007 after many delays and cost overruns 99 on april 15 2013 two chechen islamist brothers detonated a pair of bombs near the finish line of the boston marathon killing three people and injuring roughly 264 100 the subsequent search for the bombers led to a lock down of boston and surrounding municipalities the region showed solidarity during this time as symbolized by the slogan boston strong 101 in 2016 boston briefly shouldered a bid as the u s applicant for the 2024 summer olympics the bid was supported by the mayor and a coalition of business leaders and local philanthropists but was eventually dropped due to public opposition 102 the usoc then selected los angeles to be the american candidate with los angeles ultimately securing the right to host the 2028 summer olympics 103 boston was one of eleven u s cities which hosted matches during the 2026 fifa world cup with games taking place at gillette stadium in nearby foxboro 104 geography edit boston and its neighbors with boston harbor as seen from sentinel 2 an 1877 panoramic map of boston the geographical center of boston is in roxbury due north of the center we find the south end this is not to be confused with south boston which lies directly east from the south end north of south boston is east boston and southwest of east boston is the north end unknown a local colloquialism 105 boston has an area of 89 63 sq mi 232 1 km 2 of this area 48 4 sq mi 125 4 km 2 or 54 of it is land and 41 2 sq mi 106 7 km 2 or 46 of it is water the city s elevation as measured at logan international airport is 19 ft 5 8 m above sea level 106 the highest point in boston is bellevue hill at 330 ft 100 m above sea level and the lowest point is at sea level 107 the city is adjacent to boston harbor an arm of massachusetts bay and by extension the atlantic ocean boston is surrounded by the greater boston metropolitan region it is bordered to the east by the town of winthrop and the boston harbor islands to the northeast by the cities of revere chelsea and everett to the north by the cities of somerville and cambridge to the northwest by watertown to the west by the city of newton and town of brookline to the southwest by the town of dedham and small portions of needham and canton and to the southeast by the town of milton and the city of quincy the charles river separates boston s allston brighton fenway kenmore and back bay neighborhoods from watertown and cambridge and most of boston from its own charlestown neighborhood the neponset river forms the boundary between boston s southern neighborhoods and quincy and milton the mystic river separates charlestown from chelsea and everett and chelsea creek and boston harbor separate east boston from downtown the north end and the seaport 108 neighborhoods edit main article neighborhoods in boston see also architecture of boston and list of tallest buildings in boston john hancock tower at 200 clarendon street the tallest building in boston with a roof height of 790 ft 240 m boston is sometimes called a city of neighborhoods because of the profusion of diverse subsections 109 110 the city government s office of neighborhood services has designated 23 neighborhoods 111 allston back bay bay village beacon hill brighton charlestown chinatown dorchester downtown or financial district east boston eastie by locals fenway or fenway kenmore hyde park jamaica plain mattapan mission hill north end roslindale roxbury seaport district or seaport south boston southie by locals the south end the west end west roxbury more than two thirds of inner boston s modern land area did not exist when the city was founded instead it was created via the gradual filling in of the surrounding tidal areas over the centuries 67 this was accomplished using earth from the leveling or lowering of boston s three original hills the trimountain after which tremont street is named and with gravel brought by train from needham to fill the back bay 17 back bay is home to christian science center copley square newbury street and new england s two tallest buildings the john hancock tower and the prudential center 112 113 near the john hancock tower is the old john hancock building with its prominent illuminated beacon the color of which forecasts the weather 114 downtown and its immediate surroundings including the financial district government center and south boston consist largely of low rise masonry buildings often federal style and greek revival interspersed with modern high rises 115 back bay includes many prominent landmarks such as the boston pu...
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