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easons behind the mobilization of women while some argue that the micro level actions of women can be understood through religious and political ideologies others argue that it is in fact the effect of manipulations of information symbols and context which should be studied 196 aftermath main article aftermath of the iranian revolution from early 1979 to either 1982 or 1983 iran was in a revolutionary crisis mode 207 after the system of despotic monarchy had been overthrown 208 the economy and the apparatus of government had collapsed and military and security forces were in disarray yet by 1982 khomeini and his supporters had crushed the rival factions defeated local rebellions and consolidated power at the same time events that made up both the crisis and its resolution were the iran hostage crisis the invasion of iran by saddam hussein s iraq and the presidency of abolhassan banisadr 207 209 ayatollah khomeini s consolidation of power conflicts among revolutionaries some observers believe what began as an authentic and anti dictatorial popular revolution based on a broad coalition of all anti shah forces was soon transformed into an islamic fundamentalist power grab 210 and that except for his core supporters the members of the coalition thought khomeini intended to be more of a spiritual guide than a ruler 211 khomeini was in his mid 70s never held public office had been out of iran for more than a decade and told questioners the religious dignitaries do not want to rule 212 however nobody could deny the unanimous central role of the imam and the other factions were too small to have any real impact another view is khomeini had overwhelming ideological political and organizational hegemony 213 and non theocratic groups never seriously challenged khomeini s movement in popular support note 9 supporters of the new rule themselves have claimed that iranians who opposed khomeini were fifth columnists led by foreign countries attempting to overthrow the iranian government 215 khomeini and his loyalists in the revolutionary organizations implemented khomeini s velayat e faqih design for an islamic republic led by himself as supreme leader 216 by exploiting temporary allies 217 such as mehdi bazargan s provisional government of iran whom they later eliminated from iran s political stage one by one 218 organizations of the revolution main article organizations of the iranian revolution part of a series on islamism fundamentals islam history culture economics politics variants islamic democracy deobandi movement deobandi jihadism erdoğanism fascism fundamentalism feminism khomeinism liberalism modernism nationalism qutbism salafism salafi jihadism international propagation by region shia islamism socialism third international theory ziaism concepts apostasy in islam takfir caliphate governance state islamic republic spread of islam of knowledge jihad islamic terrorism jihadism pan islamism political islam aspects post islamism sharia shura two nation theory ummah influences anti capitalism anti communism anti imperialism anti zionism decolonization islamic golden age islamic revival movements scholastic barelvi dawat e islami deobandi salafism madkhalism ahl i hadith sahwa movement wahhabism international propagation by country region nurcu political hamas hizb ut tahrir jamaat e islami justice and development party morocco justice and development party turkey malaysian islamic party muslim brotherhood new welfare party prosperous justice party taliban united arab list list of islamic political parties militant militant islamism based in mena region south asia southeast asia sub saharan africa key texts the caliphate or the grand imamate rashīd rīďha 1922 reconstruction of religious thought in islam iqbal 1930s principles of state and government asad 1961 ma alim fi al tariq milestones qutb 1965 islamic government governance of the jurist velayat e faqih khomeini 1970 the green book gaddafi 1975 heads of state akhundzada al bashir erbakan erdoğan gaddafi haniyeh izetbegović khamenei khamenei kartosoewirjo khomeini mahathir al mahdi morsi natsir omar house of saud al sharaa house of thani zia ul haq key ideologues abduh ahmad al afghani al albani asad banna ghannouchi hegazi iqbal kısakürek madkhali maududi al nabhani nadwi al qaradawi qutb ramadan abu rashta rida safavi shariati shariatullah al turabi yassin al wahhab criticism liberal and reform movements within islam in europe in north america khaled abu al fadl farag foda abdelwahab meddeb maryam namazie maajid nawaaz sam harris olivier roy bassam tibi muhammad sa id al ashmawi gilles kepel shiraz maher magnus ranstorp related topics islam and other religions islamophobia islam portal politics portal v t e part of the politics series on republicanism concepts anti monarchism anti corruption civic virtue civil society consent of the governed democracy democratization liberty as non domination mixed government political representation popular sovereignty public participation republic res publica rule of law self governance separation of powers social contract social equality schools gaullism jeffersonian democracy kantianism kemalism khomeinism nasserism venizelism types autonomous capitalist christian classical democratic directorial system federal federal council imperial islamic maritime modern parliamentary peasant people s revolutionary secular sister socialist philosophers adams john arendt baggini bello bentham berlin bodin cattaneo chappell cicero condorcet crick franklin harrington honderich jefferson kant locke machiavelli madison marx mazzini mill montesquieu paine pettit polybius rousseau sandel sidney skinner quentin sunstein tocqueville warburton wollstonecraft politicians adams gerry adams john ashton atatürk azaña bartley benn bennett bolívar chapman clark katy clarke tom connolly cromwell davidson de gaulle de valera drakeford etherington fabiani ferguson flynn paul flynn stephen foot gambetta garibaldi grévy griffith griffiths harvie hatton hébert hopkins huppert iorwerth jackson jay jefferson jones elin jones lynne juárez kane khomeini la malfa lenin lewis lincoln lucas mackay mackenzie madison magid manley mannin mcdonnell mckechin mottley mullin nandy naysmith nehru papineau pound prescott ritchie robespierre sayed sillars singh skates skinner dennis slater slaughter smith spadolini stuart sun taverne venizelos washington whitlam wilson wood theoretical works republic c 375 bc de re publica 54 51 bc discourses on livy 1531 the tenure of kings and magistrates 1649 the commonwealth of oceana 1656 discourses concerning government 1698 the spirit of law 1748 discourse on inequality 1755 the social contract 1762 the federalist papers 1787 1788 rights of man 1791 perpetual peace a philosophical sketch 1794 democracy in america 1835 1840 on revolution 1963 history roman republic gaṇasaṅgha classical athens republic of venice republic of genoa republic of florence dutch republic american revolution french revolution spanish american wars of independence trienio liberal french revolution of 1848 proclamation of the republic 5 october 1910 revolution chinese revolution russian revolution german revolution of 1918 1919 turkish war of independence mongolian revolution of 1921 11 september 1922 revolution 1935 greek coup attempt spanish civil war 1944 icelandic constitutional referendum 1946 italian institutional referendum egyptian revolution of 1952 14 july revolution 1960 south african republic referendum north yemen civil war zanzibar revolution 1969 libyan revolution 1970 cambodian coup d état metapolitefsi 1974 greek republic referendum iranian revolution 1987 fijian coups d état 1993 brazilian constitutional referendum nepalese civil war barbadian republic proclamation national variants antigua and barbuda australia bahamas barbados canada ireland jamaica japan morocco netherlands new zealand norway spain catalonia sweden united kingdom scotland wales united states republic days armenia azerbaijan china iceland india iran italy kazakhstan malta moldova nepal niger north korea north macedonia pakistan philippines taiwan turkey related topics classical radicalism common good communitarianism consul criticism of monarchy egalitarianism the emperor s new clothes jacobinism liberalism list of monarchy referendums list of republics monarchism peasant republic primus inter pares republic without republicans republican empire republican party politics portal v t e the most important bodies of the revolution were the revolutionary council the revolutionary guards revolutionary tribunals islamic republican party and revolutionary committees komitehs 219 while the moderate bazargan and his government temporarily reassured the middle class it became apparent they did not have power over the khomeinist revolutionary bodies particularly the revolutionary council the real power in the revolutionary state 220 221 and later the islamic republican party inevitably the overlapping authority of the revolutionary council which had the power to pass laws and bazargan s government was a source of conflict 222 despite the fact that both had been approved by or put in place by khomeini this conflict lasted only a few months however the provisional government fell shortly after american embassy officials were taken hostage on 4 november 1979 bazargan s resignation was received by khomeini without complaint saying mr bazargan was a little tired and preferred to stay on the sidelines for a while khomeini later described his appointment of bazargan as a mistake 223 the revolutionary guard or pasdaran e enqelab was established by khomeini on 5 may 1979 as a counterweight both to the armed groups of the left and to the shah s military the guard eventually grew into a full scale military force 224 becoming the strongest institution of the revolution 225 serving under the pasdaran are the baseej e mostaz afin volunteers in everything from earthquake emergency management to attacking opposition demonstrators and newspaper offices 226 the islamic republican party 227 then fought to establish a theocratic government by velayat e faqih thousands of komiteh or revolutionary committees 228 served as the eyes and ears of the new rule and are credited by critics with many arbitrary arrests executions and confiscations of property 229 also enforcing the will of the government were the hezbollahi the party of god strong arm thugs who attacked demonstrators and offices of newspapers critical of khomeini 230 two major political groups that formed after the fall of the shah that clashed with and were eventually suppressed by pro khomeini groups were the moderate religious muslim people s republican party mprp which was associated with grand mohammad kazem shariatmadari and the secular leftist national democratic front ndf 1979 ethnic uprisings further information 1979 khuzestan insurgency and 1979 kurdish rebellion in iran following the events of the revolution marxist guerrillas and federalist parties revolted in some regions comprising khuzistan kurdistan and gonbad e qabus which resulted in fighting between them and revolutionary forces these revolts began in april 1979 and lasted between several months to over a year depending on the region establishment of islamic republic government referendum of 12 farvardin main article 1979 iranian islamic republic referendum on 30 and 31 march farvardin 10 11 a referendum was held over whether to replace the monarchy with an islamic republic khomeini called for a massive turnout 231 and only the national democratic front fadayan and several kurdish parties opposed the vote 231 the results showed that 98 2 had voted in favor of the islamic republic 231 writing of the constitution main articles assembly for the final review of the constitution 1979 iranian constitutional assembly election 1979 iranian constitutional referendum and interim government of iran 1979 80 in june 1979 the freedom movement released its draft constitution for the islamic republic that it had been working on since khomeini was in exile it included a guardian council to veto un islamic legislation but had no guardian jurist ruler 232 leftists found the draft too conservative and in need of major changes but khomeini declared it correct 233 to approve the new constitution and prevent leftist alterations a relatively small seventy three member assembly of experts for constitution was elected that summer critics complained that vote rigging violence against undesirable candidates and the dissemination of false information was used to produce an assembly overwhelmingly dominated by clergy all took active roles during the revolution and loyal to khomeini 234 khomeini and the assembly now rejected the constitution its correctness notwithstanding and khomeini declared that the new government should be based 100 on islam 235 in addition to the president the new constitution included a more powerful post of guardian jurist ruler intended for khomeini 236 with control of the military and security services and power to appoint several top government and judicial officials it increased the power and number of clerics on the council of guardians and gave it control over elections 237 as well as laws passed by the legislature the new constitution was also approved overwhelmingly by the december 1979 constitutional referendum but with more opposition note 10 and smaller turnout 238 hostage crisis main article iran hostage crisis in late october 1979 the exiled and dying shah was admitted into the united states for cancer treatment in iran there was an immediate outcry and both khomeini and leftist groups demanded the shah s return to iran for trial and execution on 4 november 1979 youthful islamists calling themselves muslim student followers of the imam s line invaded the us embassy compound in tehran and seized its staff revolutionaries were angry because of how the shah had left iran which spawned rumors of another us backed coup in iran that would re install him the occupation was also intended as leverage to demand the return of the shah to stand trial in exchange for the hostages and depose prime minister mehdi bazargan who they believed was plotting to normalize relations with the us the students held 52 american diplomats hostage for 444 days which played a role in helping to pass the constitution suppressing moderates and otherwise radicalising the revolution 239 holding the hostages was very popular and continued even after the death of the shah as khomeini explained to his future president banisadr this action has many benefits this has united our people our opponents do not dare act against us we can put the constitution to the people s vote without difficulty 240 with great publicity the students released documents from the american embassy which they labeled a den of spies 241 showing that moderate iranian leaders had met with us officials and did not release similar evidence of hig...
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