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lity sound japanese computers were widely used to produce video games though only a small portion of japanese pc games were released outside of the country 55 the most successful japanese personal computer was nec s pc 98 which sold more than 18 million units by 1999 56 the ibm pc edit main article ibm pc 1981 ibm 5150 ibm responded to the success of the apple ii with the ibm pc released in august 1981 like the apple ii and s 100 systems it was based on an open card based architecture which allowed third parties to develop for it it used the intel 8088 cpu running at 4 77 mhz containing 29 000 transistors the first model used an audio cassette for external storage though there was an expensive floppy disk option the cassette option was never popular and was removed in the pc xt of 1983 57 the xt added a 10mb hard drive in place of one of the two floppy disks and increased the number of expansion slots from 5 to 8 while the original pc design could accommodate only up to 64k on the main board the architecture was able to accommodate up to 640kb of ram with the rest on cards later revisions of the design increased the limit to 256k on the main board the ibm pc typically came with pc dos an operating system based on gary kildall s cp m 80 operating system in 1980 ibm approached digital research kildall s company for a version of cp m for its upcoming ibm pc kildall s wife and business partner dorothy mcewen met with the ibm representatives who were unable to negotiate a standard non disclosure agreement with her ibm turned to bill gates who was already providing the rom basic interpreter for the pc gates offered to provide 86 dos developed by tim paterson of seattle computer products ibm rebranded it as pc dos while microsoft sold variations and upgrades as ms dos the impact of the apple ii and the ibm pc was fully demonstrated when time named the home computer the machine of the year or person of the year for 1982 3 january 1983 the computer moves in it was the first time in the history of the magazine that an inanimate object was given this award ibm pc clones edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed june 2008 learn how and when to remove this template message hp vectra 286 12 pc ibm pc compatible computer with intel 80286 processor compaq deskpro 386s ibm pc compatible computer with intel 80386 processor mikromikko 4 tt ibm pc compatible computer with intel 80486 processor the original pc design was followed up in 1983 by the ibm pc xt which was an incrementally improved design it omitted support for the cassette had more card slots and was available with a 10mb hard drive although mandatory at first the hard drive was later made an option and a two floppy disk xt was sold while the architectural memory limit of 640k was the same later versions were more readily expandable although the pc and xt included a version of the basic language in read only memory most were purchased with disk drives and run with an operating system three operating systems were initially announced with the pc one was cp m 86 from digital research the second was pc dos from ibm and the third was the ucsd p system from the university of california at san diego pc dos was the ibm branded version of an operating system from microsoft previously best known for supplying basic language systems to computer hardware companies when sold by microsoft pc dos was called ms dos the ucsd p system os was built around the pascal programming language and was not marketed to the same niche as ibm s customers neither the p system nor cp m 86 was a commercial success because ms dos was available as a separate product some companies attempted to make computers available which could run ms dos and programs these early machines including the act apricot the dec rainbow 100 the hewlett packard hp 150 the seequa chameleon and many others were not especially successful as they required a customized version of ms dos and could not run programs designed specifically for ibm s hardware see list of early non ibm pc compatible pcs the first truly ibm pc compatible machines came from compaq although others soon followed because the ibm pc was based on relatively standard integrated circuits and the basic card slot design was not patented the key portion of that hardware was actually the bios software embedded in read only memory this critical element got reverse engineered and that opened the floodgates to the market for ibm pc imitators which were dubbed pc clones at the time that ibm had decided to enter the personal computer market in response to apple s early success ibm was the giant of the computer industry and was expected to crush apple s market share but because of these shortcuts that ibm took to enter the market quickly they ended up releasing a product that was easily copied by other manufacturers using off the shelf non proprietary parts so in the long run ibm s biggest role in the evolution of the personal computer was to establish the de facto standard for hardware architecture amongst a wide range of manufacturers ibm s pricing was undercut to the point where ibm was no longer the significant force in development leaving only the pc standard they had established emerging as the dominant force from this battle amongst hardware manufacturers who were vying for market share was the software company microsoft that provided the operating system and utilities to all pcs across the board whether authentic ibm machines or the pc clones in 1984 ibm introduced the ibm personal computer at more often called the pc at or at built around the intel 80286 microprocessor this chip was much faster and could address up to 16mb of ram but only in a mode that largely broke compatibility with the earlier 8086 and 8088 in particular the ms dos operating system was not able to take advantage of this capability the bus in the pc at was given the name industry standard architecture isa peripheral component interconnect pci was released in 1992 and was supposed to replace isa vesa local bus vlb and extended isa were also displaced by pci but a majority of later post 1992 486 based systems were featuring a vesa local bus video card vlb importantly offered a less costly high speed interface for consumer systems as only by 1994 was pci commonly available outside of the server market pci is later replaced by pci e see below apple lisa and macintosh edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed june 2008 learn how and when to remove this template message 1984 apple macintosh in 1983 apple computer introduced the first mass marketed microcomputer with a graphical user interface the lisa the lisa ran on a motorola 68000 microprocessor and came equipped with 1 megabyte of ram a 12 inch 300 mm black and white monitor dual 5¼ inch floppy disk drives and a 5 megabyte profile hard drive the lisa s slow operating speed and high price us 10 000 however led to its commercial failure drawing upon its experience with the lisa apple launched the macintosh in 1984 with an advertisement during the super bowl the macintosh was the first successful mass market mouse driven computer with a graphical user interface or wimp windows icons menus and pointers based on the motorola 68000 microprocessor the macintosh included many of the lisa s features at a price of us 2 495 the macintosh was introduced with 128 kb of ram and later that year a 512 kb ram model became available to reduce costs compared the lisa the year younger macintosh had a simplified motherboard design no internal hard drive and a single 3 5 floppy drive applications that came with the macintosh included macpaint a bit mapped graphics program and macwrite which demonstrated wysiwyg word processing while not a success upon its release the macintosh was a successful personal computer for years to come this is particularly due to the introduction of desktop publishing in 1985 through apple s partnership with adobe this partnership introduced the laserwriter printer and aldus pagemaker now adobe pagemaker to users of the personal computer during steve jobs hiatus from apple a number of different models of macintosh including the macintosh plus and macintosh ii were released to a great degree of success the entire macintosh line of computers was ibm s major competition up until the early 1990s guis spread edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed june 2008 learn how and when to remove this template message in the commodore world geos was available on the commodore 64 and commodore 128 later a version was available for pcs running dos it could be used with a mouse or a joystick as a pointing device and came with a suite of gui applications commodore s later product line the amiga platform ran a gui operating system by default the amiga laid the blueprint for future development of personal computers with its groundbreaking graphics and sound capabilities byte called it the first multimedia computer so far ahead of its time that almost nobody could fully articulate what it was all about 58 1985 atari st in 1985 the atari st also based on the motorola 68000 microprocessor was introduced with the first color gui digital research s gem in 1987 acorn launched the archimedes range of high performance home computers in europe and australasia based on their own 32 bit arm risc processor the systems were shipped with a gui os called arthur in 1989 arthur was superseded by a multi tasking gui based operating system called risc os by default the mice used on these computers had three buttons pc clones dominate edit the transition from a pc compatible market being driven by ibm to one driven primarily by a broader market began to become clear in 1986 and 1987 in 1986 the 32 bit intel 80386 microprocessor was released and the first 386 based pc compatible was the compaq deskpro 386 ibm s response came nearly a year later with the initial release of the ibm personal system 2 series of computers which had a closed architecture and were a significant departure from the emerging standard pc these models were largely unsuccessful and the pc clone style machines outpaced sales of all other machines through the rest of this period 59 toward the end of the 1980s pc xt clones began to take over the home computer market segment from the specialty manufacturers such as commodore international and atari that had previously dominated these systems typically sold for just under the magic 1000 price point typically 999 and were sold via mail order rather than a traditional dealer network this price was achieved by using the older 8 16 bit technology such as the 8088 cpu instead of the 32 bits of the latest intel cpus these cpus were usually made by a third party such as cyrix or amd dell started out as one of these manufacturers under its original name pc limited 1990s onward edit this section does not cite any sources please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed june 2008 learn how and when to remove this template message next edit nextstation 1990 in 1990 the nextstation workstation computer went on sale for interpersonal computing as steve jobs described it the nextstation was meant to be a new computer for the 1990s and was a cheaper version of the previous next computer despite its pioneering use of object oriented programming concepts the nextstation was somewhat a commercial failure and next shut down hardware operations in 1993 cd rom edit the cd rom and cd rw drives became standards for most personal computers in the early 1990s the cd rom became an industry standard and by the mid 1990s one was built into almost all desktop computers and toward the end of the 1990s in laptops as well although introduced in 1982 the cd rom was mostly used for audio during the 1980s and then for computer data such as operating systems and applications into the 1990s another popular use of cd roms in the 1990s was multimedia as many desktop computers started to come with built in stereo speakers capable of playing cd quality music and sounds with the sound blaster sound card on pcs thinkpad edit thinkpad 720 ibm introduced its successful thinkpad range at comdex 1992 using the series designators 300 500 and 700 allegedly analogous to the bmw car range and used to indicate market the 300 series being the budget the 500 series midrange and the 700 series high end this designation continued until the late 1990s when ibm introduced the t series as 600 700 series replacements and the 3 5 and 7 series model designations were phased out for a 3 7 x 5 series the a series was later partially replaced by the r series dell edit by the mid 1990s amiga commodore and atari systems were no longer on the market pushed out by strong ibm pc clone competition and low prices other previous competition such as sinclair and amstrad were no longer in the computer market with less competition than ever before dell rose to high profits and success introducing low cost systems targeted at consumers and business markets using a direct sales model dell surpassed compaq as the world s largest computer manufacturer and held that position until october 2006 power macintosh powerpc edit in 1994 apple introduced the power macintosh series of high end professional desktop computers for desktop publishing and graphic designers these new computers made use of new motorola powerpc processors as part of the aim alliance to replace the previous motorola 68k architecture used for the macintosh line during the 1990s the macintosh remained with a low market share but as the primary choice for creative professionals particularly those in the graphics and publishing industries arm edit in 1994 acorn computers launched its risc pc series of high end desktop computers the risc pc codenamed medusa was acorn s next generation arm based risc os computer which superseded the acorn archimedes in 2005 the arm cortex a8 was released the first cortex design to be adopted on a large scale for use in consumer devices 60 an arm based processor is used in the raspberry pi an inexpensive single board computer ibm clones apple back into profitability edit imac g3 in bondi blue due to the sales growth of ibm clones in the 90s they became the industry standard for business and home use this growth was augmented by the introduction of microsoft s windows 3 0 operating environment in 1990 and followed by windows 3 1 in 1992 and the windows 95 operating system in 1995 the macintosh was sent into a period of decline by these developments coupled with apple s own inability to come up with a 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