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um rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium copernicium nihonium flerovium moscovium livermorium tennessine oganesson nd u protactinium uranium neptunium atomic number z 92 group f block groups no number period period 7 block f block electron configuration rn 5f 3 6d 1 7s 2 electrons per shell 2 8 18 32 21 9 2 physical properties phase at stp solid melting point 1405 3 k 1132 2 c 2070 f boiling point 4404 k 4131 c 7468 f density at 20 c 19 050 g cm 3 3 when liquid at m p 17 3 g cm 3 heat of fusion 9 14 kj mol heat of vaporization 417 1 kj mol molar heat capacity 27 665 j mol k specific heat capacity 116 225 j kg k vapor pressure p pa 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at t k 2325 2564 2859 3234 3727 4402 atomic properties oxidation states common 6 1 4 1 5 2 6 3 7 4 7 5 7 electronegativity pauling scale 1 38 ionization energies 1st 597 6 kj mol 2nd 1420 kj mol atomic radius empirical 156 pm covalent radius 196 7 pm van der waals radius 186 pm spectral lines of uranium other properties natural occurrence primordial crystal structure orthorhombic os4 lattice constants a 285 35 pm b 586 97 pm c 495 52 pm at 20 c 3 thermal expansion 15 46 10 6 k at 20 c a thermal conductivity 27 5 w m k electrical resistivity 0 280 µω m at 0 c magnetic ordering paramagnetic young s modulus 208 gpa shear modulus 111 gpa bulk modulus 100 gpa speed of sound thin rod 3155 m s at 20 c poisson ratio 0 23 vickers hardness 1960 2500 mpa brinell hardness 2350 3850 mpa cas number 7440 61 1 history naming after planet uranus itself named after greek god of the sky uranus discovery martin heinrich klaproth 1789 first isolation eugène melchior péligot 1841 isotopes of uranium v e main isotopes 8 decay isotope abun dance half life t 1 2 mode pro duct 232 u synth 68 9 y α 228 th sf 233 u trace 1 592 10 5 y α 229 th sf 234 u 0 005 2 455 10 5 y α 230 th sf 235 u 0 720 7 04 10 8 y α 231 th sf 236 u trace 2 342 10 7 y α 232 th sf 238 u 99 3 4 463 10 9 y α 234 th sf β β 238 pu category uranium view talk edit references uranium is a chemical element it has symbol u and atomic number 92 it is a silvery grey metal in the actinide series of the periodic table a uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons of which 6 are valence electrons uranium radioactively decays usually by emitting an alpha particle the half life of this decay varies between 159 200 and 4 5 billion years for different isotopes making them useful for dating the age of the earth the most common isotopes in natural uranium are uranium 238 which has 146 neutrons and accounts for over 99 of uranium on earth and uranium 235 which has 143 neutrons uranium has the highest atomic weight of the primordially occurring elements its density is about 70 higher than that of lead and slightly lower than that of gold or tungsten it occurs naturally in low concentrations of a few parts per million in soil rock and water and is commercially extracted from uranium bearing minerals such as uraninite 9 many contemporary uses of uranium exploit its unique nuclear properties uranium is used in nuclear power plants and nuclear weapons because it is the only naturally occurring element with a fissile isotope uranium 235 present in non trace amounts however because of the low abundance of uranium 235 in natural uranium which is overwhelmingly uranium 238 uranium needs to undergo enrichment so that enough uranium 235 is present uranium 238 is fissionable by fast neutrons and is fertile meaning it can be transmuted to fissile plutonium 239 in a nuclear reactor another fissile isotope uranium 233 can be produced from natural thorium and is studied for future industrial use in nuclear technology uranium 238 has a small probability for spontaneous fission or even induced fission with fast neutrons uranium 235 and to a lesser degree uranium 233 have a much higher fission cross section for slow neutrons in sufficient concentration these isotopes maintain a sustained nuclear chain reaction this generates the heat in nuclear power reactors and produces the fissile material for nuclear weapons the primary civilian use for uranium harnesses the heat energy to produce electricity depleted uranium 238 u is used in kinetic energy penetrators and armor plating 10 the 1789 discovery of uranium in the mineral pitchblende is credited to martin heinrich klaproth who named the new element after the recently discovered planet uranus eugène melchior péligot was the first person to isolate the metal and its radioactive properties were discovered in 1896 by henri becquerel research by otto hahn lise meitner enrico fermi and others including j robert oppenheimer beginning in 1934 led to its use as a fuel in the nuclear power industry and in little boy the first nuclear weapon used in war an ensuing arms race during the cold war between the united states and the soviet union produced tens of thousands of nuclear weapons that used uranium metal and uranium derived plutonium 239 dismantling of these weapons and related nuclear facilities is carried out within various nuclear disarmament programs and costs billions of dollars weapon grade uranium obtained from nuclear weapons is diluted with uranium 238 and reused as fuel for nuclear reactors spent nuclear fuel forms radioactive waste which mostly consists of uranium 238 and poses a significant threat to health and to the environment characteristics a neutron induced nuclear fission event involving uranium 235 uranium is a silvery white weakly radioactive metal it has a mohs hardness of 6 sufficient to scratch glass and roughly equal to that of titanium rhodium manganese and niobium it is malleable ductile slightly paramagnetic strongly electropositive and a poor electrical conductor 11 12 uranium metal has a very high density of 19 1 g cm 3 13 denser than lead 11 3 g cm 3 14 but slightly less dense than tungsten and gold 19 3 g cm 3 15 16 uranium metal reacts with almost all non metallic elements except noble gases and their compounds its reactivity increasing with temperature 17 hydrochloric and nitric acids dissolve uranium but non oxidizing acids other than hydrochloric acid attack the element very slowly 11 when finely divided it can react with cold water in air uranium metal becomes coated with a dark layer of uranium dioxide 12 uranium in ores is extracted chemically and converted into uranium dioxide or other chemical forms usable in industry in 1938 otto hahn and fritz strassman discovered that barium was a product of bombarding uranium 235 with neutrons and a year later lise meitner and otto robert frisch developed the theory of nuclear fission to explain this new phenomenon making u 235 the first fissile isotope to be discovered 18 on bombardment with slow neutrons uranium 235 most of the time splits into two smaller nuclei releasing nuclear binding energy and more neutrons if too many of these neutrons are absorbed by other uranium 235 nuclei a nuclear chain reaction occurs that results in a burst of heat or in some circumstances an explosion in a nuclear reactor such a chain reaction is slowed and controlled by a neutron poison absorbing some of the free neutrons such neutron absorbent materials are often part of reactor control rods see nuclear reactor physics for a description of this process of reactor control other naturally occurring isotopes such as uranium 238 are fissionable but not fissile meaning that they only undergo fission when absorbing high energy fast neutrons 19 as little as 15 lb 6 8 kg of uranium 235 can be used to make an atomic bomb 20 the nuclear weapon detonated over hiroshima japan named little boy relied on uranium fission however the first nuclear bomb the gadget used at trinity and the bomb that was detonated over nagasaki japan fat man were both plutonium bombs uranium metal has three allotropic forms 21 α orthorhombic stable up to 668 c 1 234 f orthorhombic space group no 63 cmcm lattice parameters a 285 4 pm b 587 pm c 495 5 pm 22 β tetragonal stable from 668 to 775 c 1 234 to 1 427 f tetragonal space group p 4 2 mnm p 4 2 nm or p 4 n 2 lattice parameters a 565 6 pm b c 1075 9 pm 22 γ body centered cubic from 775 c 1 427 f to melting point this is the most malleable and ductile state body centered cubic lattice parameter a 352 4 pm 22 applications military various militaries use depleted uranium as high density penetrators the major application of uranium in the military sector is in high density penetrating projectiles this ammunition consists of depleted uranium du alloyed with 1 2 other elements such as titanium or molybdenum 23 at high impact speed the density hardness and pyrophoricity of the projectile enable the destruction of heavily armored targets tank armor and other removable vehicle armor can also be hardened with depleted uranium plates the use of depleted uranium became politically and environmentally contentious after the use of such munitions by the us uk and other countries during wars in the persian gulf and the balkans raised health questions concerning uranium compounds left in the soil see gulf war syndrome 20 depleted uranium is also used as a shielding material in some containers used to store and transport radioactive materials while the metal itself is radioactive its high density makes it more effective than lead in halting radiation from strong sources such as radium 11 other uses of depleted uranium include counterweights for aircraft control surfaces as ballast for missile re entry vehicles and as a shielding material 12 due to its high density this material is found in inertial guidance systems and in gyroscopic compasses 12 depleted uranium is preferred over similarly dense metals for its ability to be easily machined and cast as well as its relatively low cost 24 the main risk of exposure to depleted uranium is chemical poisoning by uranium oxide rather than radioactivity uranium being only a weak alpha emitter during the later stages of world war ii the entire cold war and to a lesser extent afterwards uranium 235 has been used as the fissile explosive material to produce nuclear weapons initially two major types of fission bombs were built a relatively simple device that uses uranium 235 and a more complicated mechanism that uses plutonium 239 derived from uranium 238 later a much more complicated and far more powerful type of fission fusion bomb thermonuclear weapon was built that uses a plutonium based device to cause a mixture of tritium and deuterium to undergo nuclear fusion such bombs are jacketed in a non fissile unenriched uranium case and they derive more than half their power from the fission of this material by fast neutrons from the nuclear fusion process 25 civilian the main use of uranium in the civilian sector is to fuel nuclear power plants one kilogram of uranium 235 can theoretically produce about 20 terajoules of energy 2 10 13 joules assuming complete fission as much energy as 1 5 million kilograms 1 500 metric tonnes of coal 10 commercial nuclear power plants use fuel that is typically enriched to around 3 uranium 235 10 the candu and magnox designs are the only commercial reactors capable of using unenriched uranium fuel fuel used for united states navy reactors is typically highly enriched in uranium 235 the exact values are classified in a breeder reactor uranium 238 can also be converted into plutonium 239 through the following reaction 12 238 92 u n 239 92 u γ β 239 93 np β 239 94 pu uranium glass glowing under uv light before and occasionally after the discovery of radioactivity uranium was primarily used in small amounts for yellow glass and pottery glazes such as uranium glass and in fiestaware 26 the discovery and isolation of radium in uranium ore pitchblende by marie curie sparked the development of uranium mining to extract the radium which was used to make glow in the dark paints for clock and aircraft dials 27 28 this left a prodigious quantity of uranium as a waste product since it takes three tonnes of uranium to extract one gram of radium this waste product was diverted to the glazing industry making uranium glazes very inexpensive and abundant besides the pottery glazes uranium tile glazes accounted for the bulk of the use including common bathroom and kitchen tiles which can be produced in green yellow mauve black blue red and other colors the uranium glaze on a ceramic artwork glowing under uv light uranium glass used as lead in seals in a vacuum capacitor uranium was also used in photographic chemicals especially uranium nitrate as a toner 12 in lamp filaments for stage lighting bulbs 29 to improve the appearance of dentures 30 and in the leather and wood industries for stains and dyes uranium salts are mordants of silk or wool uranyl acetate and uranyl formate are used as electron dense stains in transmission electron microscopy to increase the contrast of biological specimens in ultrathin sections and in negative staining of viruses isolated cell organelles and macromolecules the discovery of the radioactivity of uranium ushered in additional scientific and practical uses of the element the long half life of uranium 238 4 47 10 9 years makes it well suited for use in estimating the age of the earliest igneous rocks and for other types of radiometric dating including uranium thorium dating uranium lead dating and uranium uranium dating uranium metal is used for x ray targets in the making of high energy x rays 12 history pre discovery use the use of pitchblende uranium in its natural oxide form dates back to at least the year 79 ad when it was used in the roman empire to add a yellow color to ceramic glazes 12 yellow glass with 1 uranium oxide was found in a roman villa on cape posillipo in the gulf of naples italy by r t gunther of the university of oxford in 1912 31 starting in the late middle ages pitchblende was extracted from the habsburg silver mines in joachimsthal bohemia now jáchymov in the czech republic in the ore mountains and was used as a coloring agent in the local glassmaking industry 32 in the early 19th century the world s only known sources of uranium ore were these mines discovery the planet uranus which uranium is named after the discovery of the element is credited to the german chemist martin heinrich klaproth while he was working in his experimental laboratory in berlin in 1789 klaproth was able to precipitate a yellow compound likely sodium diuranate by dissolving pitchblende in nitric acid and neutralizing the solution with sodium hydroxide 32 klaproth assumed the yellow substance was the oxide of a yet undiscovered element and heated it with charcoal to obtain a black powder which he thought was the newly discovered metal itself in fact that powder was an oxide of uranium 32 33 he named the newly discovered element uranit after the planet uranus named after the primordial greek god of the sky which had been discovered eight years earlier by william herschel 34 he later renamed it uranium to conform to the naming...
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