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ran ramananda ramanuja ramprasad sen ravidas rupa goswami samarth ramdas sankardev satyanatha tirtha siddheshwar sripada srivallabha sripadaraja surdas swaminarayan syama sastri thiruvalluvar tukaram tulsidas tyagaraja vācaspati miśra vadiraja tirtha vallabha vedanta desika vidyaranya vyasaraja modern sri aurobindo bhaktisiddhanta sarasvati bhaktivinoda thakur chandrashekarendra saraswati chinmayananda dayananda saraswati jaggi vasudev krishnananda saraswati mahavatar babaji mahesh yogi narayana guru nigamananda nisargadatta maharaj prabhupada radhakrishnan r d ranade ramakrishna rama tirtha ramana maharshi ravi shankar ramdas samarth sathya sai baba shirdi sai baba shraddhanand satyadhyana tirtha siddharameshwar maharaj sivananda saraswati trailanga u g krishnamurti upasni maharaj vethathiri maharishi vivekananda yogananda texts sources and classification of scripture śruti smṛti ācāra ātmatuṣṭi scriptures timeline of hindu texts vedas rigveda yajurveda samaveda atharvaveda divisions samhita brahmana aranyaka upanishads upanishads principal upanishads rigveda aitareya kaushitaki yajurveda brihadaranyaka isha taittiriya katha shvetashvatara maitri samaveda chandogya kena atharvaveda mundaka mandukya prashna vedangas shiksha chandas vyākaraṇa nirukta kalpa jyotisha other scriptures bhagavad gita agama s hinduism itihasas ramayana mahabharata puranas vishnu purana bhagavata purana devi bhagavata purana naradiya purana vāmana purana matsya purana garuda purana brahma purana brahmanda purana brahma vaivarta purana bhavishya purana padma purana agni purana shiva purana linga purana kūrma purana skanda purana varaha purana markandeya purana upavedas ayurveda dhanurveda gandharvaveda sthapatyaveda shastras sutras and samhitas arthashastra brahma sutras charaka samhita dharma shastra kama sutra natya shastra nyāya sūtras panchatantra pramana sutras purva mimamsa sutras ramcharitmanas samkhya pravachana sutra shilpa shastras shiva swarodaya sushruta samhita vaiśeṣika sūtra yoga sutras yoga vasistha stotras stutis and bhashya abirami antati hanuman chalisa kanakadhara stotra kanda shasti kavasam shiva stuti vayu stuti tamil literature athichudi eighteen greater texts eighteen lesser texts five great epics iraiyanar akapporul kamba ramayanam kural naalayira divya prabandham thiruvilaiyadal puranam tirumurai tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai tiruppukal vinayagar agaval other texts hindu culture and society society caste varna brahmin kshatriya vaishya shudra jāti dalit adivasi untouchability by region india nepal bali united states dasa dvija gotra kayastha hindu art bhagavata mela bharatanatyam bommalattam carnatic music hindu iconography kai silambattam kalaripayattu kavadi aattam kathak kathakali kolattam koothu kuchipudi manipuri mayilattam mohiniyattam nritta nritya odissi pandav lila rasa sattriya yakshagana yantra hindu architecture hindu temple architecture talamana vastu shastra hindu music alankāra raga sangita shruti svara tala vadya food and diet jhatka mitahara sattvic vrata time keeping practices calendar panchangam shaka era units of time vikram samvat other society related topics discrimination persecution nationalism organisations reform movements other topics hinduism by country balinese hinduism caribbean shaktism greater india hinduism other religions hinduism and jainism and buddhism and sikhism and judaism and christianity and islam glossary outline hinduism portal v t e part of a series on religion outline index timeline aspects behaviour clergy conversion denomination disaffiliation education school laity monasticism prayer ritual symbols text worship beliefs acosmism animism anthropopathism dualism and nondualism fideism mysticism omnism spiritualism shamanism transcendentalism theism classical theism henotheism monotheism kathenotheism panentheism pantheism polytheism transtheism concepts afterlife cult deity elite religion experience meditation faith folk religion lived religion miracle mythology prophecy reincarnation revelation salvation spirit soul supernatural truth society discrimination freedom gender happiness lgbtq people politics science sexuality suicide vegetarianism violence persecution war wealth studies anthropology cognitive science comparative eschatology evolutionary origin evolutionary psychology history neurotheology philosophy psychology sociology soteriology theology theories about religion religions historical ancient egyptian ancient greek gnosticism ancient roman mithraism ancient mesopotamian prehistoric proto indo iranian world buddhism christianity hinduism jainism islam sikhism indigenous african traditional chinese taoism judaism korean native american mandaeism samaritanism shinto vietnamese yazidism zoroastrianism new bábism baháʼí goddess modern paganism new age tenrikyo ufo religion raëlism category portal v t e part of a series on indo european topics languages list of indo european languages extant albanoid albanian armenian balto slavic baltic slavic celtic germanic hellenic greek indo iranian indo aryan iranian nuristani italic romance extinct anatolian tocharian paleo balkan dacian illyrian liburnian messapic mysian paeonian phrygian thracian reconstructed proto indo european language phonology sound laws accent ablaut hypothetical balkanic daco thracian graeco albanian graeco armenian graeco aryan graeco phrygian indo hittite italo celtic thraco illyrian grammar vocabulary root verbs nouns pronouns numerals particles other proto albanian proto anatolian proto armenian proto germanic proto norse proto italo celtic proto celtic proto italic proto greek proto balto slavic proto slavic proto baltic proto indo iranian proto indo aryan proto iranian proto nuristani philology anitta text hittite inscriptions hieroglyphic luwian linear b rigveda avesta homer behistun greek epigraphy phrygian epigraphy messapic epigraphy latin epigraphy gaulish epigraphy runic epigraphy ogham gothic bible bible translations into armenian tocharian script old irish glosses albanian kanun origins homeland proto indo europeans society religion mainstream steppe theory proto indo european homeland indo european migrations eurasian nomads alternative anatolian hypothesis armenian hypothesis fringe beech argument indigenous aryanism baltic homeland paleolithic continuity theory archaeology chalcolithic copper age pontic steppe domestication of the horse kurgan kurgan stelae kurgan culture steppe cultures bug dniester sredny stog dnieper donets samara khvalynsk yamnaya mikhailovka culture novotitarovskaya culture caucasus maykop east asia afanasievo eastern europe usatove cernavodă cucuteni northern europe corded ware baden middle dnieper bronze age pontic steppe chariot yamnaya catacomb multi cordoned ware poltavka srubnaya northern eastern steppe abashevo culture andronovo sintashta europe globular amphora corded ware bell beaker únětice trzciniec nordic bronze age terramare tumulus urnfield proto villanovan lusatian este south asia bishkent vakhsh bmac ochre coloured pottery copper hoard cemetery h gandhara grave iron age steppe chernoles europe thraco cimmerian hallstatt latial jastorf caucasus colchian central asia yaz india painted grey ware northern black polished ware peoples and societies bronze age anatolian peoples hittites armenians mycenaean greeks indo iranians iron age indo aryans indo aryans iranians iranians nuristanis nuristanis east asia wusun yuezhi europe celts gauls celtiberians insular celts cimmerians hellenic peoples italic peoples germanic peoples paleo balkan anatolia thracians dacians illyrians paeonians phrygians scythians middle ages east asia tocharians europe albanians balts slavs norsemen medieval scandinavians middle ages indo aryan medieval india iranian greater iran religion and mythology reconstructed proto indo european mythology proto indo iranian religion historical hittite indo aryan vedic hinduism non vedic greater magadha śramaṇa iranian ancient persian zoroastrianism kurdish yazidism yarsanism scythian ossetian others armenian european paleo balkan albanian illyrian thracian dacian greek roman celtic irish scottish breton welsh cornish germanic anglo saxon continental norse baltic latvian lithuanian slavic practices fire rituals horse sacrifice sati winter solstice yule indo european studies scholars marija gimbutas j p mallory institutes copenhagen studies in indo european publications encyclopedia of indo european culture the horse the wheel and language journal of indo european studies indogermanisches etymologisches wörterbuch indo european etymological dictionary category v t e hinduism ˈ h ɪ n d u ˌ ɪ z əm 1 is an umbrella term 2 3 a for a range of indian religious and spiritual traditions sampradaya s 4 note 1 that are unified by adherence to dharma a cosmic order maintained by its followers through rituals and righteous living 5 b as expounded in the vedas c the word hindu originated as an exonym note 2 and while hinduism has been called the oldest surviving religion in the world note 3 it is also described since the 19th century by the term sanātana dharma lit eternal dharma note 4 vaidika dharma lit vedic dharma 6 and arya dharma are historical endonyms for hinduism 7 hinduism entails diverse systems of thought marked by a range of shared concepts that discuss theology mythology and other topics in textual sources 8 hindu texts have been classified into śruti lit heard and smṛti lit remembered the major hindu scriptures are the vedas the upanishads the puranas the ramayana the mahabharata including the bhagavad gita and the agamas 9 10 prominent themes in hindu beliefs include karma action intent and consequences 9 11 saṃsāra the cycle of death and rebirth and the four puruṣārthas proper goals or aims of human life namely dharma ethics duties artha prosperity work kama desires passions and moksha liberation emancipation from passions and ultimately saṃsāra 12 13 14 hindu religious practices include devotion bhakti worship puja sacrificial rites yajna meditation dhyana and yoga 15 hinduism has no central doctrinal authority and many hindus do not claim to belong to any denomination 16 however scholarly studies recognise four major denominations vaishnavism shaivism shaktism and smartism 17 18 the six āstika schools of hindu philosophy that recognise the authority of the vedas are sankhya yoga nyaya vaisheshika mīmāṃsā and vedanta 19 20 while the traditional itihasa purana and its derived epic puranic chronology present hinduism as a tradition existing for thousands of years scholars regard hinduism as a fusion note 5 or synthesis note 6 of brahmanical orthopraxy note 7 with various indian cultures note 8 having diverse roots note 9 and no specific founder 21 this hindu synthesis emerged after the vedic period between c 500 22 to 200 23 bce and c 300 ce 22 in the period of the second urbanisation and the early classical period of hinduism when the epics and the first purānas were composed 22 23 it flourished in the medieval period with the decline of buddhism in india 24 since the 19th century modern hinduism influenced by western culture has acquired a great appeal in the west notably reflected in the popularisation of yoga and various sects such as transcendental meditation and the iskcon s hare krishna movement 25 hinduism is the world s third largest religion and considered the largest ethnic religion with approximately 1 17 billion followers or around 15 of the global population 26 27 known as hindus largely in india 28 nepal mauritius and in bali indonesia 29 significant numbers of hindu communities are found in the countries of south asia in southeast asia in the caribbean middle east north america europe oceania africa and australia 30 31 32 web 1 web 2 etymology further information hindu the word hindū is an exonym 33 derived from the sanskrit word sindhu 34 the name of the indus river as well as the country of the lower indus basin sindh 35 36 note 10 the proto iranian sound change s h occurred between 850 and 600 bce 38 hindu occurs in avesta as heptahindu equivalent to rigvedic sapta sindhu 39 the 6th century bce inscription of darius i mentions hindush referring to sindh among his provinces 40 41 hindustan spelt hndstn is found in a sasanian inscription from the 3rd century ce 39 the term hindu in these ancient records is a geographical term and did not refer to a religion 42 in arabic texts hind a derivative of persian hindu was used to refer to the land beyond the indus 43 and therefore all the people in that land were hindus according to historian romila thapar 44 by the 13th century hindustan emerged as a popular alternative name of india or northern india 45 46 47 among the earliest known records of hindu with connotations of religion may be in the 7th century ce chinese text record of the western regions by xuanzang 40 in the 14th century hindu appeared in several texts in persian sanskrit and prakrit within india and subsequently in vernacular languages often in comparative contexts to contrast them with muslims or turks examples include the 14th century persian text futuhu s salatin by abd al malik isami note 2 jain texts such as vividha tirtha kalpa and vidyatilaka 48 circa 1400 apabhramsa text kīrttilatā by vidyapati 49 16 18th century bengali gaudiya vaishnava texts 50 etc these native usages of hindu were borrowed from persian and they did not always have a religious connotation but they often did 51 in indian texts hindu dharma hindu religion was often used to refer to hinduism 50 52 starting in the 17th century european merchants and colonists adopted hindu often with the english spelling hindoo to refer to residents of india as a religious community 53 note 11 the term got increasingly associated with the practices of brahmins who were also referred to as gentiles and gentoos 53 terms such as hindoo faith and hindoo religion were often used eventually leading to the appearance of hindooism in a letter of charles grant in 1787 who used it along with hindu religion 57 the first indian to use hinduism may have been raja ram mohan roy in 1816 17 58 by the 1840s the term hinduism was used by those indians who opposed british colonialism and who wanted to distinguish themselves from muslims and christians 59 before the british began to categorise communities strictly by religion indians generally did not define themselves exclusively through their religious beliefs instead identities were largely segmented on the basis of locality language varna jāti occupation and sect 60 note 12 definitions hinduism is an umbrella term 63 referring to a broad range of sometimes opposite and often competitive traditions 64 in western ethnography the term refers to the fusion note 5 or synthesis note 6 65 of various indian cultures and traditions 66 note 8 with diverse roots 67 note 9 and no founder 21 this hindu synthesis emerged after the vedic period between c 500 22 200 23 bce and c 300 ce 22 in the period of the second urbanisation and the ear...
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