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hat the eucharistic liturgy of the state church of sweden which is lutheran is closer in many respects to the rite of the roman mass than that of any other protestant church 17 18 although similar in outward appearance to the lutheran mass or anglican mass 18 19 20 the catholic church distinguishes between its own mass and theirs on the basis of what it views as the validity of the orders of their clergy and as a result does not ordinarily permit intercommunion between members of these churches 21 22 in a 1993 letter to bishop johannes hanselmann of the evangelical lutheran church in bavaria cardinal ratzinger later pope benedict xvi affirmed that a theology oriented to the concept of succession of bishops such as that which holds in the catholic and in the orthodox church need not in any way deny the salvation granting presence of the lord heilschaffende gegenwart des herrn in a lutheran evangelische lord s supper 23 the decree on ecumenism produced by vatican ii in 1964 records that the catholic church notes its understanding that when other faith groups such as lutherans anglicans and presbyterians commemorate his death and resurrection in the lord s supper they profess that it signifies life in communion with christ and look forward to his coming in glory 22 within the fixed structure outlined below which is specific to the roman rite the scripture readings the antiphons sung or recited during the entrance procession or at communion and certain other prayers vary each day according to the liturgical calendar 24 traditionalist catholics use the term salvific sacrifice prosphora oblatio of the mass 25 introductory rites edit a priest offering the mass at st mary s basilica bangalore the priest enters with a deacon if there is one and altar servers who may act as crucifer candle bearers and thurifer the priest makes the sign of the cross with the people and formally greets them of the options offered for the introductory rites that preferred by liturgists would bridge the praise of the opening hymn with the glory to god which follows 26 the kyrie eleison here has from early times been an acclamation of god s mercy 27 the penitential act instituted by the council of trent is also still permitted here with the caution that it should not turn the congregation in upon itself during these rites which are aimed at uniting those gathered as one praiseful congregation 28 29 the introductory rites are brought to a close by the collect prayer liturgy of the word edit on sundays and solemnities three scripture readings are given on other days there are only two if there are three readings the first is from the old testament a term wider than hebrew scriptures since it includes the deuterocanonical books or the acts of the apostles during eastertide the first reading is followed by a psalm recited or sung responsorially the second reading is from the new testament epistles typically from one of the pauline epistles a gospel acclamation is then sung as the book of the gospels is processed sometimes with incense and candles to the ambo if not sung it may be omitted the final reading and high point of the liturgy of the word is the proclamation of the gospel by the deacon or priest on all sundays and holy days of obligation and preferably at all masses a homily or sermon that draws upon some aspect of the readings or the liturgy itself is then given 30 the homily is preferably moral and hortatory 31 finally the nicene creed or especially from easter to pentecost the apostles creed is professed on sundays and solemnities 32 and the universal prayer or prayer of the faithful follows 33 the designation of the faithful comes from when catechumens did not remain for this prayer or for what follows liturgy of the eucharist edit the elevation of the host began in the 14th century to show people the consecrated host the liturgy of the eucharist begins with the preparation of the altar and gifts 34 while the collection may be taken this concludes with the priest saying pray brethren that my sacrifice and yours may be acceptable to god the almighty father the congregation stands and responds may the lord accept the sacrifice at your hands for the praise and glory of his name for our good and the good of all his holy church 35 the priest then pronounces the variable prayer over the gifts then in dialogue with the faithful the priest brings to mind the meaning of eucharist to give thanks to god a variable prayer of thanksgiving follows concluding with the acclamation holy holy heaven and earth are full of your glory blessed is he who comes in the name of the lord hosanna in the highest the anaphora or more properly eucharistic prayer follows the oldest of the anaphoras of the roman rite fixed since the council of trent is called the roman canon with central elements dating to the fourth century with the liturgical renewal following the second vatican council numerous other eucharistic prayers have been composed including four for children s masses central to the eucharist is the institution narrative recalling the words and actions of jesus at his last supper which he told his disciples to do in remembrance of him 36 then the congregation acclaims its belief in christ s conquest over death and their hope of eternal life 37 since the early church an essential part of the eucharistic prayer has been the epiclesis the calling down of the holy spirit to sanctify the offering and that the unblemished sacrificial victim to be consumed in communion may be for the salvation of those who will partake of it 38 the priest concludes with a doxology in praise of god s work at which the people give their amen to the whole eucharistic prayer 39 communion rite edit a priest administers communion during mass in a dutch field on the front line in october 1944 all together recite or sing the lord s prayer pater noster or our father the priest introduces it with a short phrase and follows it up with a prayer called the embolism after which the people respond with another doxology the sign of peace is exchanged and then the lamb of god agnus dei in latin litany is sung or recited while the priest breaks the host and places a piece in the main chalice this is known as the rite of fraction and commingling out of mass 1893 oil on canvas by joan ferrer miró the priest then displays the consecrated elements to the congregation saying behold the lamb of god behold him who takes away the sins of the world blessed are those called to the supper of the lamb to which all respond lord i am not worthy that you should enter under my roof but only say the word and my soul shall be healed then communion is given often with lay ministers assisting with the consecrated wine 40 according to catholic teaching one should be in the state of grace without mortal sin to receive communion 41 singing by all the faithful during the communion procession is encouraged to express the communicants union in spirit 42 from the bread that makes them one a silent time for reflection follows and then the variable concluding prayer of the mass concluding rite edit the priest imparts a blessing over those present the deacon or in his absence the priest himself then dismisses the people choosing a formula by which the people are sent forth to spread the good news the congregation responds thanks be to god a recessional hymn is sung by all as the ministers process to the rear of the church 43 western rite orthodox churches edit main article western rite orthodoxy since most eastern orthodox christians use the byzantine rite most eastern orthodox churches call their eucharistic service the divine liturgy however there are a number of parishes within the eastern orthodox church which use an edited version of latin liturgical rites most parishes use the divine liturgy of st tikhon which is a revision of the anglican book of common prayer or the divine liturgy of st gregory which is derived from the tridentine form of the roman rite mass these rubrics have been revised to reflect the doctrine and dogmas of the eastern orthodox church therefore the filioque clause has been removed a fuller epiclesis has been added and the use of leavened bread has been introduced 44 divine liturgy of st gregory edit the preparation for mass confiteor kyrie eleison gloria in excelsis deo collect of the day epistle gradual alleluia gospel sermon nicene constantinopolitan creed offertory dialogue preface sanctus canon lord s prayer fraction agnus dei prayers before communion holy communion prayer of thanksgiving dismissal blessing of the faithful last gospel lutheran churches edit lutheran priest elevating the host during the mass at alsike church sweden the lutheran mass being celebrated at tønsberg cathedral norway main article divine service lutheran in the book of concord article xxiv of the mass of the augsburg confession 1530 begins thus the mass is retained among us and celebrated with the highest reverence we do not abolish the mass but religiously keep and defend it we keep the traditional liturgical form in our churches mass is celebrated every sunday and on other holy days when the sacrament is offered to those who wish for it after they have been examined and absolved article xxiv lutheran churches often celebrate the eucharist each sunday lord s day in the mass this aligns with the lutheran confessions as with the views promulgated by martin luther 45 eucharistic ministers take the sacramental elements to the sick in hospitals and nursing homes as well as prisons the practice of weekly communion is the norm in most lutheran parishes throughout the world the bishops and priests pastors of the larger lutheran bodies have strongly encouraged the practice of weekly mass and daily mass is offered in some lutheran churches as well as at lutheran convents and monasteries such as östanbäck monastery and saint augustine s house 46 47 48 traditionally in the lutheran churches the mass is celebrated ad orientem being oriented to the east from which the sun of righteousness will return 49 though some parishes now celebrate the mass versus populum the traditional liturgical posture of ad orientem is retained by many lutheran churches 50 order of the mass edit a lutheran priest delivers a sermon during the celebration of the mass at the church of peace in jawor poland introit 51 the preparation for mass 51 the absolution 51 prayer of thanksgiving 51 kyrie eleison 51 gloria and laudamus 51 collect of the day 51 old testament reading 51 responsorial psalm 51 epistle reading 51 gradual 51 alleluia 51 gospel reading 51 sermon 51 nicene creed 51 notices 51 intercessions 51 offertory 51 eucharistic prayer 51 sursum corda 51 preface 51 sanctus 51 lord s prayer 51 fraction 51 pax 51 agnus dei 51 prayers before communion 51 holy communion 51 prayer of thanksgiving 51 benedicamus domino 51 blessing of the faithful 51 dismissal 51 lutherans affirm that the sacrifice of the mass sacrificium eucharistikon is a sacrifice of thanksgiving and praise sacrificia laudis 52 we are perfectly willing for the mass to be understood as a daily sacrifice provided this means the whole mass the ceremony and also the proclamation of the gospel faith prayer and thanksgiving taken together these are the daily sacrifice of the new testament the ceremony was instituted because of them and ought not be separated from them therefore paul says i cor 11 26 as often as you eat this bread and drink the cup you proclaim the lord s death apology xxiv 35 53 martin luther rejected parts of the roman rite mass specifically the roman catholic canon of the mass which as he argued did not conform with hebrews 7 27 that verse contrasts the old testament priests who needed to make a propitiatory sacrifice for sins on a regular basis with the single priest christ who offers his body only once as a sacrifice the theme is carried out also in hebrews 9 26 9 28 and 10 10 luther composed as a replacement a revised latin language rite formula missae in 1523 and the vernacular deutsche messe in 1526 54 the formula missae supplanted the canon of the mass with the following i sursum corda and preface to through christ our lord ii the words of institution intoned iii the sanctus and benedictus with the elevation of the bread and the cup 55 the apology of the augsburg confession affirmed the greek canon and the pfalz neuburg church order 1543 modeled by the lutheran divine philip melanchthon includes the following eucharistic prayer prior to the words of institution 56 lord jesus christ thou only true son of the living god who hast given thy body unto bitter death for us all and hast shed thy blood for the forgiveness of our sins and hast bidden all thy disciples to eat that same thy body and to drink thy blood whereby to remember thy death we bring before thy divine majesty these thy gifts of bread and wine and beseech thee to hallow and bless the same by thy divine grace goodness and power and ordain schaffen that this bread and wine may be sei thy body and blood even unto eternal life to all who eat and drink thereof 56 the order of the mass produced under the liturgical reforms of the lutheran divine olavus petri expanded the anaphora from the formula missae which liturgical scholar frank senn states fostered a church life that was both catholic and evangelical embracing the whole population of the country and maintaining continuity with pre reformation traditions but centered in the bible s gospel 56 scandinavian finnish and some english speaking lutherans use the term mass for their eucharistic service 57 though in most german and english speaking churches the terms divine service holy communion or the holy eucharist are used more frequently though the term mass enjoys usage as well 53 anglican churches edit bishop william white celebrating holy communion in choir dress 19th century further information anglican eucharistic theology and book of common prayer in the anglican tradition mass is one of many terms for the eucharist more frequently the term used is either holy communion holy eucharist or the lord s supper occasionally the term used in eastern churches the divine liturgy is also used 58 in the english speaking anglican world the term used often identifies the eucharistic theology of the person using it mass is frequently used by anglo catholics structure of the rite edit the various eucharistic liturgies used by national churches of the anglican communion have continuously evolved from the 1549 and 1552 editions of the book of common prayer both of which owed their form and contents chiefly to the work of thomas cranmer who in about 1547 had rejected the medieval theology of the mass 59 although the 1549 rite retained the traditional sequence of the mass its underlying theology was cranmer s and the four day debate in the house of lords during december 1548 makes it clear that this had already moved far beyond traditional catholicism 60 in the 1552 revision this was...
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