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al articles on the other hand practically did not change in the same period pearson r 01 spearman rho 00 the diverging pattern between higher and low impact journals can also be observed with the number of authors per article while in 2006 the average article in a higher impact plos journal was authored by 4 7 people the average article in 2016 was written by 7 8 authors a steep rise of 68 pearson r 12 spearman rho 19 and again the low impact plos one articles do not exhibit the same change remaining more or less unchanged pearson r 01 spearman rho 02 finally the number of pages per article tells the same story of runaway information density in higher impact journals and little to no change in plos one limiting myself to articles published until late november 2014 when lay out changes complicate the comparison the average higher impact journal article grew substantially in higher impact journals pearson r 16 spearman rho 13 but not in plos one pearson r 03 spearman rho 02 so overall it is true that more and more information is required for a publication in a high impact journal no similar rise in information density is seen in plos one the publication landscape has changed more effort is now needed for a high impact publication compared to ten years ago wanna explore the data set yourself i made a web app which you can use in rstudio or in your web browser have fun with it and tell me what you find vale r d 2015 accelerating scientific publication in biology proceedings of the national academy of sciences 112 13439 13446 doi 10 1101 022368 posted in richard kunert science and tagged author authorship impact factor plos one publication reference science on march 6 2017 by richard kunert 2 comments the slowing down of the biggest scientific journal plos one started 11 years ago to disruptively change scholarly publishing by now it is the biggest scientific journal out there why has it become so slow many things changed at plos one over the years reflecting general trends in how researchers publish their work for one thing plos one grew enourmously after publishing only 137 articles in its first year the number of articles published per year peaked in 2013 at 31 522 however as shown in the figure above since then they have declined by nearly a third in 2016 only 21 655 articles were published in plos one the decline could be due to a novel open data policy implemented in march 2014 a slight increase in the cost to publish in october 2015 or a generally more crowded market place for open access mega journals like plos one wakeling et al 2016 however it might also be that authors are becoming annoyed with plos one for getting slower in its first year it took 95 days on average to get an article from submission to publication in plos one in 2016 it took a full 172 days this renders plos one no longer the fastest journal published by plos a title it held for nine years the graph below shows the developemtn of plos one in more detail by plotting each article s review and publication speed against its publication date i e each blue dot represents one of the 159 000 plos one articles what can explain the increasingly poor publication speed of plos one most people might think it is the sheer volume of manuscripts the journal has to process processing more articles might simply slow a journal down however this slow down continued until 2015 i e beyond the peak in publication output in 2013 below i show a more thorough analysis which reiterates this point the plot shows each article in plos one in terms of its time from submission to publication and the number of articles published around the same time 30 days before and after there is a link for sure pearson r 13 spearman rho 15 but it is much weaker than i would have thought moreover when controlling for publication date via a partial correlation the pattern above becomes much weaker partial pearson r 05 partial spearman rho 11 this suggests that much of plos one s slow down is simply due to the passage of time perhaps during this time scientific articles changed requiring a longer time to evaluate whether they are suitable for the journal for example it might be that articles these days include more information which takes longer to be assessed by scientific peers more information could be mirrored in three values the number of authors information contributors the reference count information links the page count space for information however the number of authors per article has not changed over the years pearson r 01 spearman rho 02 similarly there is no increase in the length of the reference sections over the years r 01 rho 00 finally while articles have indeed become longer in terms of page count see graph below the change is probably just due to a new lay out in january 2015 perhaps it takes longer to go through peer review at plos one these days because modern articles are increasingly complex and interdisciplinary a very small but reliable correlation between subject categories per article and publication date supports this possibility somewhat see below it is possible that plos one simply finds it increasingly difficult to look for the right experts to assess the scientific validity of an article because articles have become more difficult to pin down in terms of the expertise they require having celebrated its 10 year anniversary plos one can be proud to have revolutionized scholarly publishing however whether plos one itself will survive in the new publishing environment it helped to create remains to be seen the slowing down of its publication process is certainly a sign that plos one needs to up its game in order to remain competitive wanna explore the data set yourself i made a web app which you can use in rstudio or in your web browser have fun with it and tell me what you find wakeling s willett p creaser c fry j pinfield s spezi v 2016 open access mega journals a bibliometric profile plos one 11 11 pmid 27861511 posted in richard kunert science and tagged api business plos one publication r reference science on march 1 2017 by richard kunert leave a comment do twitter or facebook activity influence scientific impact are scientists smart when they promote their work on social media isn t this a waste of time time which could otherwise be spent in the lab running experiments perhaps not an analysis of all available articles published by plos journals suggests otherwise my own twitter activity might best be thought of as learning about science in the widest sense while what i do on facebook is really just shameless procrastination it turns out that this pattern holds more generally and impacts on how to use social media effectively to promote science in order to make this claim i downloaded the twitter and facebook activity associated with every single article published in any journal by the public library of science plos using this r script here plos is the open access publisher of the biggest scientific journal plos one as well as a number of smaller more high impact journals the huge amount of data allows me to have a 90 chance of discovering even a small effect r 1 if it actually exists i should add that i limited my sample to those articles published after may 2012 which is when plos started tracking tweets and january 2015 in order to allow for at least two years to aggregate citations the 87 649 remaining articles published in any of the plos journals offer the following picture there is a small but non negligible association between impact on twitter tweets and impact in the scientific literature citations pearson r 12 p 001 spearman rho 18 p 001 this pattern held for nearly every plos journal individually as well all pearson r 10 except for plos computational biology all spearman rho 12 except for plos pathogens this result is in line with peoples et al s 2016 analysis of twitter activity and citations in the field of ecology so twitter might indeed help a bit to promote an article does this hold for social media in general a look at facebook reveals a different picture the relationship between facebook mentions of an article and its scientific impact is so small as to be practically negligible pearson r 03 p 001 spearman rho 06 p 001 this pattern of only a tiny association between facebook mentions and citations held for every single plos journal pearson r 09 spearman rho 08 in conclusion twitter can be used for promoting your scientific work in an age of increased competition for scientific reading time renear palmer 2009 facebook on the other hand can be used for procrastinating wanna explore the data set yourself i made a web app which you can use in rstudio or in your web browser have fun with it and tell me what you find peoples bk midway sr sackett d lynch a cooney pb 2016 twitter predicts citation rates of ecological research plos one 11 11 pmid 27835703 renear ah palmer cl 2009 strategic reading ontologies and the future of scientific publishing science new york n y 325 5942 828 32 pmid 19679805 posted in richard kunert science and tagged citation citation count facebook impact factor influence plos one research science social media twitter on february 22 2017 by richard kunert 2 comments why does music training increase intelligence we know that music training causes intelligence to increase but why in this post i 1 propose a new theory and 2 falsify it immediately given that this particular combination of activities is unpublishable in any academic journal i invite you to read the whole story here in under 500 words 1 proposing the isaml incredible but true music lessons improve the one thing that determines why people who are good on one task tend to be better on another task as well iq schellenberg 2004 kaviani et al 2013 see coverage in previous blog post curiously i have never seen an explanation for why music training would benefit intelligence i propose the improved sustained attention through music lessons hypothesis isaml the isaml hypothesis claims that all tasks related to intelligence are dependent to some degree on people attending to them continuously this ability is called sustained attention a lapse of attention caused by insufficient sustained attention leads to suboptimal answers on iq tests given that music is related to the structuring of attention boltz jones 1989 and removes attentional gaps olivers nieuwenhuis 2005 see coverage in previous blog post music training might help in attentional control and thus in increasing sustained attention this in turn might have a positive impact on intelligence see boxes and arrows in figure 1 figure 1 the improved sustained attention through music lessons hypothesis isaml in a nutshell arrows represent positive associations the isaml does not predict that intelligence is the same as sustained attention instead it predicts that a music training increases sustained attention b sustained attention is associated with intelligence c music training increases intelligence 2 evaluating the isaml prediction c is already supported see above does anyone know something about prediction b here i shall evaluate prediction a does music training increase sustained attention so far the evidence looks inconclusive carey et al 2015 therefore i will turn to a data set of my own which i gathered in a project together with suzanne r jongman kunert jongman in press we used a standard test of sustained attention the digit discrimination test jongman et al 2015 participants had the mind boggingly boring task of clicking a button every time they saw a zero while watching one single digit after another on the screen for ten minutes a low sustained attention ability is thought to be reflected by worse performance higher reaction time to the digit zero at the end of the testing session compared to the beginning or by overall high reaction times unfortunately for the isaml it turns out that there is absolutely no relation between musical training and sustained attention as you can see in figure 2a the reaction time logged decrement between the first and last half of reactions to zeroes is not related to musical training years pearson r 03 n 362 p 61 95 ci 076 129 jzs bf 01 with default prior 7 59 spearman rho 05 same for mean reaction time logged see figure 2b pearson r 02 n 362 p 74 95 ci 0 861 0 120 jzs bf 01 8 181 spearman rho 0 03 figure 2 the correlation between two different measures of sustained attention vertical axes and musical training horizontal axes in a sample of 362 participants high values on vertical axes represent low sustained attention i e the isaml predicts a negative correlation coefficient neither correlation is statistically significant light grey robust regression lines show an iterated least squares regression which reduces the influence of unusual data points 3 conclusion why on earth is musical training related to iq increases i have no idea the isaml is not a good account for the intelligence boost provided by music lessons carey d rosen s krishnan s pearce m shepherd a aydelott j dick f 2015 generality and specificity in the effects of musical expertise on perception and cognition cognition 137 81 105 doi 10 1016 j cognition 2014 12 005 jongman s meyer a roelofs a 2015 the role of sustained attention in the production of conjoined noun phrases an individual differences study plos one 10 9 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0137557 jones m boltz m 1989 dynamic attending and responses to time psychological review 96 3 459 491 doi 10 1037 0033 295x 96 3 459 kaviani h mirbaha h pournaseh m sagan o 2013 can music lessons increase the performance of preschool children in iq tests cognitive processing 15 1 77 84 doi 10 1007 s10339 013 0574 0 kunert r jongman sr 2017 entrainment to an auditory signal is attention involved journal of experimental psychology general 146 1 77 88 pmid 28054814 olivers c nieuwenhuis s 2005 the beneficial effect of concurrent task irrelevant mental activity on temporal attention psychological science 16 4 265 269 doi 10 1111 j 0956 7976 2005 01526 x glenn schellenberg e 2004 music lessons enhance iq psychological science 15 8 511 514 doi 10 1111 j 0956 7976 2004 00711 x posted in music richard kunert and tagged attention attentional blink brain training dynamic attending theory intelligence iq learning music training on february 17 2017 by richard kunert leave a comment the curious effect of a musical rhythm on us do you know the feeling of a musical piece moving you what is this feeling one common answer by psychological researchers is that what you feel is your attention moving in sync with the music in a new paper i show that this explanation is mistaken watch the start of the following video and observe carefully what is happening in the first minute or so you may stop it after that noticed something nearly everyone in the audience moved to the rhythm clapping moving the head etc and you did you move i guess not you probably looked carefully at what people were doing...
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