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rt because of new american restrictions on domestic oil consumption 43 because of this decision japan proceeded with plans to take the oil rich dutch east indies nb 7 on august 17 roosevelt warned japan that america was prepared to take opposing steps if neighboring countries were attacked 45 political map of the asia pacific region 1939 japan and the united states engaged in negotiations during 1941 attempting to improve relations in the course of these negotiations japan offered to withdraw from most of china and indochina after making peace with the nationalist government it also proposed to adopt an independent interpretation of the tripartite pact and to refrain from trade discrimination provided all other nations reciprocated washington rejected these proposals japanese prime minister konoe then offered to meet with roosevelt but roosevelt insisted on reaching an agreement before any meeting 46 page needed 47 the american ambassador to japan repeatedly urged roosevelt to accept the meeting warning that it was the only way to preserve the conciliatory konoe government and peace in the pacific 48 however his recommendation was not acted upon the konoe government collapsed the following month when the japanese military rejected a withdrawal of all troops from china 49 japan s final proposal delivered on november 20 offered to withdraw from southern indochina and to refrain from attacks in southeast asia so long as the united states united kingdom and netherlands supplied one million u s gallons 3 8 million liters of aviation fuel lifted their sanctions against japan and ceased aid to china 50 49 the american counter proposal of november 26 november 27 in japan the hull note required japan to completely evacuate china without conditions and conclude non aggression pacts with pacific powers on november 26 in japan the day before the note s delivery the japanese task force left port for pearl harbor 51 the japanese intended the attack as a preventive action to keep the united states pacific fleet from interfering with their planned military actions in southeast asia against overseas territories of the united kingdom the netherlands and the united states over the course of seven hours there were coordinated japanese attacks on the american held philippines guam wake island midway atoll and on the british empire in malaya singapore and hong kong 17 from the japanese point of view it was seen as a preemptive strike before the oil gauge ran empty 23 page needed military planning the empire of japan s 1941 attack plan on pearl harbor preliminary planning for an attack on pearl harbor to protect the move into the southern resource area the japanese term for the dutch east indies and southeast asia generally began early in 1941 under the auspices of admiral isoroku yamamoto then commanding japan s combined fleet 52 53 he won assent to formal planning and training for an attack from admiral osami nagano the chief of the imperial japanese navy general staff only after much contention with naval headquarters including a threat to resign his command 54 55 full scale planning was underway by early spring 1941 primarily by rear admiral ryūnosuke kusaka with assistance from commander minoru genda and yamamoto s deputy chief of staff captain kameto kuroshima 56 the planners studied the 1940 british air attack on the italian fleet at taranto intensively nb 8 nb 9 over the next several months pilots were trained equipment was adapted and intelligence was collected despite these preparations emperor hirohito did not approve the attack plan until november 5 after the third of four imperial conferences called to consider the matter 59 at first he hesitated to engage in war but eventually authorized the pearl harbor strike despite dissent from certain advisors 60 final authorization was not given by the emperor until december 1 after a majority of japanese leaders advised him the hull note would destroy the fruits of the china incident endanger manchukuo and undermine japanese control of korea 61 before the attack he became more involved in military matters even joining the conference of military councillors which was considered unusual for him 60 additionally he actively sought more information about the war plans 60 according to an aide he openly displayed happiness upon hearing about the success of the surprise attacks 60 by late 1941 many observers believed that hostilities between the united states and japan were imminent a gallup poll just before the attack on pearl harbor found that 52 of americans expected war with japan 27 did not and 21 had no opinion 62 while american pacific bases and facilities had been placed on alert on many occasions officials doubted pearl harbor would be the first target instead they expected the philippines to be attacked first this presumption was due to the threat that the air bases throughout that country and the naval base at manila posed to sea lanes as well as to the shipment of supplies to japan from territory to the south nb 10 they also incorrectly believed that japan was not capable of mounting more than one major naval operation at a time 40 page needed objectives the route followed by the japanese fleet to pearl harbor and back an imperial japanese navy mitsubishi a6m zero fighter on the aircraft carrier akagi the japanese attack had several major aims first it intended to destroy important american fleet units thereby preventing the pacific fleet from interfering with the japanese conquest of the dutch east indies and malaya and enabling japan to conquer southeast asia without interference the leaders of the imperial japanese navy ijn subscribed to alfred thayer mahan s decisive battle doctrine especially that of destroying the maximum number of battleships second it was hoped to buy time for japan to consolidate its position and increase its naval strength before shipbuilding authorized by the 1940 vinson walsh act erased any chance of victory 64 65 third to deliver a blow to america s ability to mobilize its forces in the pacific battleships were chosen as the main targets since they were the prestige ships of navies at the time 64 finally it was hoped that the attack would undermine american morale to such an extent that the american government would drop its demands contrary to japanese interests and seek a peace compromise 66 page needed 67 page needed striking the pacific fleet at anchor in pearl harbor had two distinct disadvantages the targeted ships would be in very shallow water so it would be relatively easy to salvage and possibly repair them and most of the crews would survive the attack since many would be on shore leave or would be rescued from the harbor a further disadvantage would prove to be the unexpected absence of all three pacific fleet aircraft carriers enterprise lexington and saratoga despite these concerns yamamoto decided to press ahead 40 page needed 68 page needed 69 page needed japanese confidence in their ability to win a short war meant that other targets in the harbor especially the navy yard oil tank farms and submarine base were left unscathed since by their thinking the war would be over before the influence of these facilities would be felt 68 page needed approach and attack see also order of battle of the attack on pearl harbor part of the japanese task force on november 22 1941 before its departure on november 26 1941 kido butai the mobile strike force of the japanese navy departed hittokapu bay on etorofu now iterup island in the kuril islands six aircraft carriers akagi kaga sōryū hiryū shōkaku and zuikaku two battleships three cruisers 11 destroyers and eight oilers the japanese plan was for the fleet to steam to a position northwest of hawaii and attack pearl harbor with aircraft the attack would consist of about 360 aircraft in two waves 48 fighter aircraft would remain as defensive combat air patrol cap over the fleet the first wave of 180 aircraft was to be the primary attack the level bombers in this wave were armed with armor piercing bombs or specially adapted type 91 aerial torpedoes equipped with an anti roll mechanism and a rudder extension to operate in the shallow water of pearl harbor 70 the level bombers were to attack battleships and aircraft carriers or if these were not present cruisers and destroyers the dive bombers were to attack land targets with general purpose gp bombs the fighters were to strafe airfields destroying aircraft on the ground and engage any that got into the air thus preventing any interference with the bombers the second wave of 180 aircraft was to be similar but carry only gp bombs and mainly strike airfields they would target carriers first cruisers second and battleships third 71 returning fighters were to refuel and then join the cap over the fleet citation needed before launching the attack the strike force would launch two reconnaissance floatplanes from heavy cruisers chikuma and tone to scout oahu and lahaina roads near maui respectively 72 some historians think these reconnaissance aircraft flights risked alerting the americans 73 and were not necessary fleet composition and preparedness information in pearl harbor were already known from the reports of the japanese spy takeo yoshikawa tone s floatplane and the fleet submarine i 72 reported that the american fleet was not at lahaina roads 74 another four floatplanes patrolled the area between the japanese carrier force and niʻihau to detect any counterattack 75 submarines fleet submarines i 16 i 18 i 20 i 22 and i 24 each embarked a type a midget submarine for transport to the waters off oahu 76 the five i boats left kure naval district on november 25 1941 76 on december 6 they came to within 10 nmi 19 km 12 mi of the mouth of pearl harbor 77 and launched their midget subs at about 01 00 local time on december 7 78 at 03 42 hawaiian time the minesweeper condor spotted a midget submarine periscope southwest of the pearl harbor entrance buoy and alerted the destroyer ward 79 80 the midget may have entered pearl harbor however ward sank another midget submarine at 06 37 80 nb 11 in the first american shots in the pacific theater a midget submarine on the north side of ford island missed the seaplane tender curtiss with her first torpedo and missed the attacking destroyer monaghan with her other one before being sunk by monaghan at 08 43 80 the gun crew of the ward s number three 4 inch gun fired the first shots of the pacific war sinking a japanese midget submarine attempting to enter pearl harbor a third midget submarine ha 19 grounded twice once outside the harbor entrance and again on the east side of oahu where it was captured on december 8 82 ensign kazuo sakamaki swam ashore and was captured by hawaii national guard corporal david akui becoming the first japanese prisoner of war nb 12 83 a fourth had been damaged by a depth charge attack and was abandoned by its crew before it could fire its torpedoes 84 it was found outside the harbor in 1960 japanese forces received a radio message from a midget submarine at 00 41 on december 8 claiming to have damaged one or more large warships inside pearl harbor 85 in 1992 2000 and 2001 hawaii undersea research laboratory s submersibles found the wreck of the fifth midget submarine lying in three parts outside pearl harbor the wreck was in the debris field where much surplus american equipment had been dumped after the war including vehicles and landing craft both of its torpedoes were missing this correlates with reports of two torpedoes fired at the light cruiser st louis at 10 04 at the entrance of pearl harbor and a possible torpedo fired at destroyer helm at 08 21 86 there is dispute over this official chain of events though the torpedo that st louis saw was also reportedly a porpoising minesweeping float being towed by the destroyer boggs 87 some historians and naval architects theorize that a photo of battleship row taken by a japanese naval aviator during the attack on pearl harbor which was declassified in the 1990s and publicized in the 2000s 88 shows the fifth midget submarine firing a torpedo at west virginia and another at oklahoma these torpedoes were twice the size of the aerial torpedoes so it was possible that both torpedoes heavily contributed to the sinkings of both ships and especially helped to capsize oklahoma as oklahoma was the only battleship that day to suffer catastrophic damage to her belt armor at the waterline from a torpedo admiral chester nimitz in a report to congress confirmed that one midget submarine s torpedo possibly from the other midget submarine that fired torpedoes but failed to hit a target which was fired but did not explode was recovered in pearl harbor and was much larger than the aerial torpedoes 89 90 91 others dispute this report 92 japanese declaration of war see also japanese war crimes attacks on neutral powers the attack took place before any formal declaration of war was made by japan but this was not admiral yamamoto s intention he originally stipulated that the attack should not commence until thirty minutes after japan had informed the united states that peace negotiations were at an end 93 however the attack began before the notice could be delivered tokyo transmitted the 5000 word notification commonly called the 14 part message in two blocks to the japanese embassy in washington transcribing the message took too long for the japanese ambassador to deliver it at 1 00 p m washington time as ordered and consequently the message was not presented until more than one hour after the attack had begun but american code breakers had already deciphered and translated most of the message hours before it was scheduled to be delivered 94 95 pp 2ff the final part of the message is sometimes described as a declaration of war while it was viewed by a number of senior american government and military officials as a very strong indicator negotiations were likely to be terminated 96 and that war might break out at any moment 97 it neither declared war nor severed diplomatic relations a declaration of war was printed on the front page of japan s newspapers in the evening edition of december 8 late december 7 in the united states 98 but not delivered to the american government until the day after the attack for decades conventional wisdom held that japan attacked without first formally breaking diplomatic relations only because of accidents and bumbling that delayed the delivery of a document hinting at war to washington 99 in 1999 however takeo iguchi a professor of law and international relations at international christian university in tokyo discovered documents that pointed to a vigorous debate inside the government over how and indeed whether to notify washington of japan s intention to break off negotiations and start a war including a december 7 entry in the war diary saying o ur deceptive diplomacy is steadily proceeding toward success of this iguchi said th...
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