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islanders in tenerife by alfred diston 1828 y dna or y chromosomal direct paternal lineages were not analysed in this study however an earlier which study giving the aboriginal y dna contribution at 6 was cited by maca meyer et al but the results were criticized as possibly flawed due to the widespread phylogeography of y dna haplogroup e1b1b1b which may skew determination of the aboriginality versus coloniality of contemporary y dna lineages in the canaries regardless maca meyer et al state that historical evidence does support the explanation of strong sexual asymmetry as a result of a strong bias favoring matings between european males and aboriginal females and to the important aboriginal male mortality during the conquest 28 according to a 2009 study by fregel et al the genetic ancestry of the canary islands males is mainly of european origin nearly 67 of the haplogroups resulting from are euro eurasian r1a 2 76 r1b 50 62 j 14 i 9 66 and g 3 99 unsurprisingly the castillian conquest brought the genetic base of the current male population of the canary islands nevertheless the second most important haplogroup origin is north african e1b1b 14 including 8 30 of the typical berber haplogroup e m81 e1b1a and e1a 1 50 and t 3 haplogroups are present at a rate of 33 29 30 according to the same study the presence of autochthonous north african e m81 lineages and also other relatively abundant markers e m78 and j m267 from the same region in the indigenous guanche population strongly points to that area north africa as the most probable origin of the guanche ancestors in this study fregel et al estimated that based on y chromosome and mtdna haplogroup frequencies the relative female and male indigenous guanche contributions to the present day canary islands populations were respectively of 41 8 and 16 1 29 mitochondrial dna edit a genetic study analyzing the modern day canarian population showed a prevalence of european maternal lineages in canary islanders followed by northwest african ancestry in all islands except la gomera island nw african mtdna sample size u6 l total la gomera 46 50 01 10 86 60 87 el hierro 32 21 88 12 49 34 37 lanzarote 49 20 40 8 16 28 56 gran canaria 80 11 25 10 21 25 tenerife 174 12 09 7 45 19 54 la palma 68 17 65 1 47 19 12 fuerteventura 42 16 66 2 38 19 04 31 a mithocondrial dna analysis of ancient around 1000 years old guanche remains indirectly estimated the current maternal northwest african lineage to be higher than european mtdna north african european sub saharan canary islands 32 50 2 43 2 6 6 a mithocondrial dna study that analyzed the teeth of the xviii century canary islanders showed more presence of northwest african maternal ancestry than european mtdna north african european sub saharan canary islands 33 73 21 5 5 5 autosomal dna edit an autosomal study in 2011 found an average northwest african influence of about 17 in canary islanders with a wide interindividual variation ranging from 0 to 96 according to the authors the substantial northwest african ancestry found for canary islanders supports that despite the aggressive conquest by castile in the 15th century and the subsequent immigration genetic footprints of the first settlers of the canary islands persist in the current inhabitants paralleling mtdna findings the largest average northwest african contribution was found for the samples from la gomera 34 island n average nw african ancestry la gomera 7 42 50 fuerteventura 10 21 60 la palma 7 21 00 el hierro 7 19 80 lanzarote 13 16 40 tenerife 30 14 30 gran canaria 30 12 40 total canary islanders 104 17 40 triangle plot of individual genomic admixture proportions in canary islanders by guillen guio et al 2018 35 eur european naf north african ssa sub saharan african each dots represent individuals the different colors represent the different software used for the estimation another study by guillen guio et al 2018 sequenced the entire genomes of a sample of 400 adult men and women from all the islands except la graciosa to determine the relationship of canarian genetic diversity to the more frequent complex pathologies in the archipelago the study indicated that canarian dna shows distinctive genetic markers the result of a combination of factors such as the geographic isolation of the islands the adaption to the environment of its inhabitants and the historic admixture of the pre hispanic population of the archipelago coming from north africa with european and from sub saharan area individuals drawing on these data it was estimated that the canarian population is on average at an autosomal level 75 european 22 north african and 3 sub saharan 36 according to the authors the proportion of ssa ancestry we observed in canary islanders likely originated in the postconquest importation of enslaved african people this study reported the below genomic ancestry proportions in canary islanders 35 genomic ancestry proportions in canary islanders island north african sub saharan african min mean max min mean max fuerteventura 0 218 0 255 0 296 0 011 0 027 0 046 lanzarote 0 214 0 254 0 296 0 014 0 032 0 057 gran canaria 0 155 0 200 0 264 0 005 0 032 0 082 tenerife 0 149 0 208 0 255 0 002 0 015 0 057 la gomera 0 160 0 221 0 289 0 013 0 048 0 092 la palma 0 170 0 200 0 245 0 000 0 013 0 032 el hierro 0 192 0 246 0 299 0 005 0 020 0 032 source genomic ancestry proportions from admixture k 4 in canary islanders guillen guio et al 2018 35 in addition a study by díaz de usera et al 2022 that analyzed 863 donors of all the islands 105 from el hierro 93 from la palma 141 from la gomera 156 from tenerife 210 from gran canaria 47 from fuerteventura and 111 from lanzarote suggested two different results depending on the model used one of them evaluated the global ancestry of the subjects indicating an ancestry on an autosomal level of 76 4 european 20 8 north african and 2 8 sub saharan however when a specific model to evaluate the ancestry of admixed populations was used this showed that the autosomal dna of canarian people is 71 4 european 26 7 north african and 1 9 sub saharan being the highest north african and sub saharan components at an individual level 38 2 and 9 5 respectively 37 european north african sub saharan el hierro 68 3 31 0 0 7 la palma 76 5 22 4 1 1 la gomera 65 8 31 0 3 2 tenerife 75 3 23 6 1 1 gran canaria 73 7 23 6 2 7 fuerteventura 67 2 31 1 1 7 lanzarote 67 1 30 9 2 0 ancient canarians edit see also genetic history of north africa the guanches are related to the indigenous berbers in 2017 the first genome wide data from the guanches confirmed a north african origin and that they were genetically most similar to ancient north african berber peoples of the nearby north african mainland it also showed that modern inhabitants of gran canaria carry an estimated 16 31 guanche autosomal ancestry 38 culture edit see also canarian cuisine and music of the canary islands shepherd s leap silbo gomero demonstration at a restaurant in la gomera modern day canarian culture is spanish with some guanche influences some of the canarian traditional sports such as lucha canaria canarian fight juego del palo stick game or salto del pastor shepherd s jump among others have their roots in guanche culture additionally other traditions include canarian pottery words of guanche origin in the canarian speech and the rural consumption of guarapo gomero and gofio the inhabitants of la gomera also retain an ancient way of communicating across deep ravines by means of a whistled speech called silbo gomero which can be heard up to 3 km 2 miles away 39 this indigenous whistled language was invented by the guanches and was then adopted by the spanish settlers in the 16th century after the guanches were culturally assimilated into the population the language was also formerly spoken on el hierro tenerife and gran canaria 40 39 the holidays celebrated in the canary islands are of international national and regional or insular character the official day of the autonomous community is canary islands day on 30 may the anniversary of the first session of the parliament of the canary islands based in the city of santa cruz de tenerife held on 30 may 1983 is commemorated with this day the most famous festival of the canary islands is the carnival the carnival is celebrated in all the islands and all its municipalities perhaps the two busiest being those of the two canarian capitals the carnival of santa cruz de tenerife tourist festival of international interest and the carnival of las palmas de gran canaria it is celebrated on the streets between the months of february and march but the rest of the islands of the archipelago have their carnivals with their own traditions among which stand out the festival of the carneros of el hierro the festival of the diabletes of teguise in lanzarote los indianos de la palma the carnival of san sebastián de la gomera and the carnival of puerto del rosario in fuerteventura the strong influence of latin america in canarian culture is due to the constant emigration and return over the centuries of canarians to that continent chiefly to puerto rico cuba the dominican republic and venezuela to a lesser extent they also went to the us states of louisiana mostly the southern portion and texas mostly in and around san antonio and some areas in eastern mexico including nuevo león and veracruz 41 canarian spanish edit main article canarian spanish folklore group in traditional clothing in tenerife the spanish language variety that is typical and conventional in the canary islands is usually called the canarian spanish canarian dialect or canarian speech and is used by the approximately two million spanish speakers who live in the canary islands it is a dialect variety that falls within what has been called the atlantic variety similar to those of spanish speaking america and also to those of the south of the iberian peninsula especially western andalusia the dialect most similar to the canarian dialect given the historical link between both areas is the caribbean dialect spoken in cuba puerto rico hispaniola dominican republic and the coast of the caribbean sea venezuela northern colombia and panama in addition lexically the canarian dialect is widely influenced by the portuguese language from which a certain part of its lexicon is derived religion edit main articles religion in canary islands religion in spain and catholic church in spain catholic church edit peter of saint joseph de betancur the first canarian catholic saint the majority of native canary islanders are catholic with various smaller foreign born populations of other christian beliefs such as protestants from northern europe procession of holy week in san cristóbal de la laguna the appearance of the virgin of candelaria patron of canary islands 42 43 was credited with moving the canary islands toward christianity in this sense it is also important to highlight the figure of saint peter of saint joseph de betancur a missionary in guatemala in the 17th century who is the first saint of canarian origin 44 another saint venerated by the catholic church with this ethnic origin is saint joseph of anchieta also a missionary in this case in 16th century brazil 45 the canary islands are divided into two catholic dioceses each governed by a bishop diócesis canariense includes the islands of the eastern province gran canaria fuerteventura and lanzarote its capital was san marcial el rubicón 1404 and las palmas de gran canaria 1483 present there was a previous bishopric which was based in telde but it was later abolished diócesis nivariense includes the islands of the western province tenerife la palma la gomera and el hierro its capital is san cristóbal de la laguna 1819 present other religions edit around 5 percent of canarians belong to a minority religion separate from the overwhelming christian majority are a minority of muslims who are usually foreign born 46 at present there are in the canary islands a figure of approximately 70 000 muslims and 40 mosques and places of worship throughout the archipelago 47 among the followers of islam the islamic federation of the canary islands exists to represent the islamic community in the canary islands as well as to provide practical support to members of the islamic community 48 for its part there is also the evangelical council of the canary islands in the archipelago other religious faiths represented include jehovah s witnesses the church of jesus christ of latter day saints as well as hinduism 5 minority religions are also present such as the church of the guanche people which is classified as a neo pagan native religion 5 also present are buddhism 5 judaism 5 baháʼí 5 african religion 5 and chinese religions 5 isleño trapper and sons delacroix island 1941 statistics edit the distribution of beliefs in 2012 according to the cis barometer autonomy was as follows 49 catholic 84 9 atheist agnostic unbeliever 12 3 other religions 1 7 among the believers 38 7 attend religious services frequently canarian diaspora edit main article isleño historically the canary islands have served as a hub between spain and the americas favoured by that circumstance large groups of canary islanders have emigrated and settled all over the new world as early as the 15th century mainly in cuba puerto rico dominican republic venezuela and uruguay demographics edit the canarian population includes long tenured and new waves of mainland spanish immigrants old settlers of portuguese italian flemish british and french origin as well as recent foreign born arrivals 50 in 2019 the total population was 2 153 389 of which 72 1 were native canary islanders 51 a total of 80 6 or 1 735 457 were born in spain and 19 4 or 417 932 were born outside the country of these the majority are from the americas mainly from venezuela 66 573 and cuba 41 792 and colombia 31 368 there are 38 768 people from africa the majority from morocco 24 268 50 52 population history 53 year population 1768 155 763 1787 168 928 1797 173 865 1842 241 266 1860 237 036 1887 301 983 1900 364 408 1920 488 483 1940 687 937 1960 966 177 1981 1 367 646 1990 1 589 403 2000 1 716 276 2010 2 118 519 2011 2 082 655 54 2019 2 152 590 1 population of the canary islands 2019 birthplace population percent canary islands 1 553 517 72 1 other regions spain 176 302 8 2 total spain 1 735 457 80 6 foreign born 417 932 19 4 americas 201 257 9 3 venezuela 66 573 cuba 41 792 colombia 31 361 argentina 17 429 uruguay 8 687 rest of europe 154 511 7 2 italy 39 469 germany 25 921 united kingdom 25 339 africa 38 768 1 8 morocco 24 268 asia 23 082 1 1 china 9 848 oceania 314 0 0 total 2 153 389 100 0 source 52 51 canarian identity edit canarian musicians in tejeda according to a 2012 study by the centro de investigaciones sociológicas when asked about national identity the majority of respondents from the canary islands 49 3 consider themselves spanish and canarian in e...
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