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murdoch was a prolific writer of novels throughout the second half of the 20th century that deal especially with sexual relationships morality and the power of the unconscious scottish writer muriel spark pushed the boundaries of realism in her novels the prime of miss jean brodie 1961 at times takes the reader briefly into the distant future to see the various fates that befall its characters anthony burgess is especially remembered for his dystopian novel a clockwork orange 1962 set in the not too distant future during the 1960s and 1970s paul scott wrote his monumental series on the last decade of british rule in india the raj quartet 1966 1975 scotland has in the late 20th century produced several important novelists including the writer of how late it was how late james kelman who like samuel beckett can create humour out of the most grim situations and alasdair gray whose lanark a life in four books 1981 is a dystopian fantasy set in a surreal version of glasgow called unthank 191 two significant irish novelists are john banville and colm tóibín martin amis pat barker ian mcewan and julian barnes are other prominent late twentieth century british novelists drama edit an important cultural movement in the british theatre which developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s was kitchen sink realism or kitchen sink drama a term coined to describe art novels film and television plays the term angry young men was often applied to members of this artistic movement it used a style of social realism which depicts the domestic lives of the working class to explore social issues and political issues the drawing room plays of the post war period typical of dramatists like terence rattigan and noël coward were challenged in the 1950s by these angry young men in plays like john osborne s look back in anger 1956 again in the 1950s the absurdist play waiting for godot 1955 by irish writer samuel beckett profoundly affected british drama the theatre of the absurd influenced harold pinter the birthday party 1958 whose works are often characterised by menace or claustrophobia beckett also influenced tom stoppard rosencrantz and guildenstern are dead 1966 stoppard s works are however also notable for their high spirited wit and the great range of intellectual issues which he tackles in different plays an important new element in the world of british drama from the beginnings of radio in the 1920s was the commissioning of plays or the adaption of existing plays by bbc radio this was especially important in the 1950s and 1960s and from the 1960s for television many major british playwrights in fact either effectively began their careers with the bbc or had works adapted for radio including caryl churchill and tom stoppard whose first professional production was in the fifteen minute just before midnight programme on bbc radio which showcased new dramatists 192 john mortimer made his radio debut as a dramatist in 1955 with his adaptation of his own novel like men betrayed for the bbc light programme other notable radio dramatists included brendan behan and novelist angela carter among the most famous works created for radio are dylan thomas s under milk wood 1954 samuel beckett s all that fall 1957 harold pinter s a slight ache 1959 and robert bolt s a man for all seasons 1954 193 poetry edit major poets like t s eliot w h auden and dylan thomas were still publishing in this period though w h auden s career began in the 1930s and 1940s he published several volumes in the 1950s and 1960s his stature in modern literature has been contested but probably the most common critical view from the 1930s onward ranked him as one of the three major twentieth century british poets and heir to yeats and eliot 194 new poets starting their careers in the 1950s and 1960s include philip larkin the whitsun weddings 1964 ted hughes the hawk in the rain 1957 sylvia plath the colossus 1960 and seamus heaney death of a naturalist 1966 northern ireland has also produced a number of other significant poets including derek mahon and paul muldoon in the 1960s and 1970s martian poetry aimed to break the grip of the familiar by describing ordinary things in unfamiliar ways as though for example through the eyes of a martian poets most closely associated with it are craig raine and christopher reid another literary movement in this period was the british poetry revival was a wide reaching collection of groupings and subgroupings that embraces performance sound and concrete poetry 195 the mersey beat poets were adrian henri brian patten and roger mcgough their work was a self conscious attempt at creating an english equivalent to the american beats other noteworthy later twentieth century poets are welshman r s thomas geoffrey hill charles tomlinson and carol ann duffy geoffrey hill is considered one of the most distinguished english poets of his generation 196 charles tomlinson is another important english poet of an older generation though since his first publication in 1951 has built a career that has seen more notice in the international scene than in his native england 197 literature from the commonwealth of nations edit see also postcolonial australian canadian caribbean indian new zealand pakistani african south african and migrant literature doris lessing cologne 2006 from 1950 on a significant number of major writers came from countries that had over the centuries been settled by the british other than america which had been producing significant writers from at least the victorian period there had of course been a few important works in english prior to 1950 from the then british empire the south african writer olive schreiner s famous novel the story of an african farm was published in 1883 and new zealander katherine mansfield published her first collection of short stories in a german pension in 1911 the first major novelist writing in english from the indian sub continent r k narayan began publishing in england in the 1930s thanks to the encouragement of english novelist graham greene 198 caribbean writer jean rhys s writing career began as early as 1928 though her most famous work wide sargasso sea was not published until 1966 south africa s alan paton s famous cry the beloved country dates from 1948 doris lessing from southern rhodesia now zimbabwe was a dominant presence in the english literary scene frequently publishing from 1950 on throughout the 20th century and she won the nobel prize for literature in 2007 sir salman rushdie at the 2016 hay festival the uk s largest annual literary festival salman rushdie is another post second world war writers from the former british colonies who permanently settled in britain rushdie achieved fame with midnight s children 1981 his most controversial novel the satanic verses 1989 was inspired in part by the life of muhammad v s naipaul born in trinidad was another immigrant who wrote among other things a bend in the river 1979 naipaul won the nobel prize in literature 199 from nigeria a number of writers have achieved an international reputation for works in english including novelist chinua achebe as well as playwright wole soyinka soyinka won the nobel prize for literature in 1986 as did south african novelist nadine gordimer in 1995 other south african writers in english are novelist j m coetzee nobel prize 2003 and playwright athol fugard kenya s most internationally renowned author is ngũgĩ wa thiong o who has written novels plays and short stories in english poet derek walcott from st lucia in the caribbean was another nobel prize winner in 1992 an australian patrick white a major novelist in this period whose first work was published in 1939 won in 1973 other noteworthy australian writers at the end of this period are poet les murray and novelist peter carey who is one of only four writers to have won the booker prize twice 200 major canadian novelists include carol shields lawrence hill margaret atwood and alice munro carol shields novel the stone diaries won the 1995 pulitzer prize for fiction and another novel larry s party won the orange prize in 1998 lawrence hill s book of negroes won the 2008 commonwealth writers prize overall best book award while alice munro became the first canadian to win the nobel prize in literature in 2013 201 munro also received the man booker international prize in 2009 amongst internationally known poets are leonard cohen and anne carson carson in 1996 won the lannan literary award for poetry the foundation s awards in 2006 for poetry fiction and nonfiction each came with us 150 000 american writers edit main articles american literature american poetry and theater of the united states from 1940 into the 21st century american playwrights poets and novelists have continued to be internationally prominent genre fiction in the twentieth century edit main article genre fiction many works published in the twentieth century were examples of genre fiction this designation includes the crime novels spy novel historical romance fantasy graphic novel and science fiction j r r tolkien 1940s agatha christie was an important and hugely successful crime fiction writer who is best remembered for her 66 detective novels as well as her many short stories and successful plays for the west end theatre along with dorothy l sayers ngaio marsh and margery allingham christie dominated the mystery novel in the 1920s and 1930s often called the golden age of detective fiction together these four women writers were honored as the queens of crime 202 other recent noteworthy writers in this genre are ruth rendell p d james and the scot ian rankin erskine childers the riddle of the sands 1903 is an early example of spy fiction john buchan a scottish diplomat and later the governor general of canada is sometimes considered the inventor of the thriller genre his five novels featuring the heroic richard hannay are among the earliest in the genre the first hannay novel the thirty nine steps was made into a famous thriller movie by alfred hitchcock hannay was the prototype for the even more famous fictional character james bond 007 created by ian fleming and the protagonist in a long line of films another noted writer in the spy novel genre was john le carré j k rowling 2006 the novelist georgette heyer created the historical romance genre emma orczy s original play the scarlet pimpernel 1905 a hero with a secret identity became a favourite of london audiences playing more than 2 000 performances and becoming one of the most popular shows staged in england to that date 203 among significant writers in the fantasy genre were j r r tolkien author of the hobbit and the lord of the rings c s lewis author of the chronicles of narnia and j k rowling who wrote the highly successful harry potter series lloyd alexander winner of the newbery honor as well as the newbery medal for his the chronicles of prydain pentalogy is another significant author of fantasy novels for younger readers like fantasy in the later decades of the 20th century the genre of science fiction began to be taken more seriously and this was because of the work of writers such as arthur c clarke 2001 a space odyssey robert a heinlein isaac asimov and michael moorcock another prominent writer in this genre douglas adams is particularly associated with the comic science fiction work the hitchhiker s guide to the galaxy mainstream novelists such doris lessing and margaret atwood also wrote works in this genre known for his macabre darkly comic fantasy works for children roald dahl became one of the best selling authors of the 20th century and his best loved children s novels include charlie and the chocolate factory matilda james and the giant peach the witches fantastic mr fox and the bfg 204 noted writers in the field of comic books and graphic novels include neil gaiman and alan moore literary criticism in the twentieth century edit main article literary criticism literary criticism gathered momentum in the twentieth century in this era prominent academic journals were established to address specific aspects of english literature most of these academic journals gained widespread credibility because of being published by university presses the growth of universities thus contributed to a stronger connection between english literature and literary criticism in the twentieth century 21st century edit see also 21st century in literature this section needs expansion you can help by adding missing information december 2023 21st century british literature contemporary english novelists nobel prizes edit rudyard kipling 1907 uk born in british india w b yeats 1923 ireland george bernard shaw 1925 ireland sinclair lewis 1930 us john galsworthy 1932 uk eugene o neill 1936 us pearl s buck 1938 us t s eliot 1948 uk born in the us william faulkner 1949 us bertrand russell 1950 uk winston churchill 1953 uk ernest hemingway 1954 us john steinbeck 1962 us samuel beckett 1969 ireland lived in france much of his life patrick white 1973 australia saul bellow 1976 us born in canada isaac bashevis singer 1978 us born in poland william golding 1983 uk wole soyinka 1986 nigeria joseph brodsky 1987 us born in russia nadine gordimer 1991 south africa derek walcott 1992 st lucia west indies toni morrison 1993 us seamus heaney 1995 ireland v s naipaul 2001 uk born in trinidad j m coetzee 2003 south africa harold pinter 2005 uk doris lessing 2007 uk grew up in zimbabwe alice munro 2013 canada bob dylan 2016 us kazuo ishiguro 2017 uk born in japan louise glück 2020 us abdulrazak gurnah 2021 uk born in the sultanate of zanzibar now tanzania see also edit british literature theatre of the united kingdom english novel english poetry list of english language poets literature of birmingham literature of northern ireland scottish literature theatre in scotland welsh literature in english theatre of wales irish literature irish theatre literature in the other languages of britain list of commonwealth writers prizes commonwealth of nations literature women s writing in english postcolonial literature australian literature american literature stereotypes of jews in american literature philippine literature in english bangladeshi english literature canadian literature caribbean literature ghanaian literature guyanese literature hong kong literature hong kong literature in english indian english literature kenyan literature malaysian literature nigerian literature nigerian literature in english new zealand literature pakistani english literature singaporean literature literature in english south african literature sri lankan literature in english tanzanian literature literature in english list of countries by english speaking population list of countries and territories where english is an official language notes edit references edit how the english language has evolved through history childrensuniversity manchester ac uk manchester university archived 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