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f alexandria the bishop of rome is often referred to as the pope of rome regardless of whether the speaker or writer is in communion with rome or not 146 vicar of jesus christ vicar of jesus christ vicarius iesu christi is one of the official titles of the pope given in the annuario pontificio it is commonly used in the slightly abbreviated form vicar of christ vicarius christi while it is only one of the terms with which the pope is referred to as vicar it is more expressive of his supreme headship of the church on earth which he bears in virtue of the commission of christ and with vicarial power derived from him a vicarial power believed to have been conferred on saint peter when christ said to him feed my lambs feed my sheep 147 148 the first record of the application of this title to a bishop of rome appears in a synod of 495 with reference to gelasius i 149 but at that time and down to the 9th century other bishops too referred to themselves as vicars of christ and for another four centuries this description was sometimes used of kings and even judges 150 as it had been used in the 5th and 6th centuries to refer to the byzantine emperor 151 earlier still in the 3rd century tertullian used vicar of christ to refer to the holy spirit 152 153 sent by jesus 154 its use specifically for the pope appears in the 13th century in connection with the reforms of pope innocent iii 151 as can be observed already in his 1199 letter to leo i king of armenia 155 other historians suggest that this title was already used in this way in association with the pontificate of eugene iii 1145 1153 149 this title vicar of christ is thus not used of the pope alone and has been used of all bishops since the early centuries 156 the second vatican council referred to all bishops as vicars and ambassadors of christ 157 and this description of the bishops was repeated by john paul ii in his encyclical ut unum sint 95 the difference is that the other bishops are vicars of christ for their own local churches the pope is vicar of christ for the whole church 158 on at least one occasion the title vicar of god a reference to christ as god was used of the pope 148 the title vicar of peter vicarius petri is used only of the pope not of other bishops variations of it include vicar of the prince of the apostles vicarius principis apostolorum and vicar of the apostolic see vicarius sedis apostolicae 148 saint boniface described pope gregory ii as vicar of peter in the oath of fealty that he took in 722 159 in today s roman missal the description vicar of peter is found also in the collect of the mass for a saint who was a pope 160 supreme pontiff recently constructed entrance to vatican city with inscription benedictus xvi pont ifex max imus anno domini mmv pont ificatus i i e benedict xvi pontifex maximus in the year of our lord 2005 the first year of his pontificate the term pontiff is derived from the latin pontifex which literally means bridge builder pons facere and which designated a member of the principal college of priests in pagan rome 161 162 the latin word was translated into ancient greek variously as ancient greek ἱεροδιδάσκαλος ancient greek ἱερονόμος ancient greek ἱεροφύλαξ ancient greek ἱεροφάντης hierophant 163 or ancient greek ἀρχιερεύς archiereus high priest 164 165 the head of the college was known as the latin pontifex maximus the greatest pontiff 166 in christian use pontifex appears in the vulgate translation of the new testament to indicate the high priest of israel in the original koine greek ἀρχιερεύς 167 the term came to be applied to any christian bishop 168 but since the 11th century commonly refers specifically to the bishop of rome 169 who is more strictly called the roman pontiff the use of the term to refer to bishops in general is reflected in the terms roman pontifical a book containing rites reserved for bishops such as confirmation and ordination and pontificals the insignia of bishops 170 the annuario pontificio lists as one of the official titles of the pope that of supreme pontiff of the universal church latin summus pontifex ecclesiae universalis 171 he is also commonly called the supreme pontiff or the sovereign pontiff latin summus pontifex 172 pontifex maximus similar in meaning to summus pontifex is a title commonly found in inscriptions on papal buildings paintings statues and coins usually abbreviated as pont max or p m the office of pontifex maximus or head of the college of pontiffs was held by julius caesar and thereafter by the roman emperors until gratian 375 383 relinquished it 163 173 174 tertullian when he had become a montanist used the title derisively of either the pope or the bishop of carthage 175 the popes began to use this title regularly only in the 15th century 175 servant of the servants of god although the description servant of the servants of god latin servus servorum dei was also used by other church leaders including augustine of hippo and benedict of nursia it was first used extensively as a papal title by gregory the great reportedly as a lesson in humility for the patriarch of constantinople john the faster who had assumed the title ecumenical patriarch it became reserved for the pope in the 12th century and is used in papal bulls and similar important papal documents 176 patriarch of the west main article patriarch of the west see also patriarch and pentarchy from 1863 to 2005 and again in 2024 the annuario pontificio also included the title patriarch of the west this title was first used by pope theodore i in 642 and was only used occasionally indeed it did not begin to appear in the pontifical yearbook until 1863 on 22 march 2006 the vatican released a statement explaining this omission on the grounds of expressing a historical and theological reality and of being useful to ecumenical dialogue the title patriarch of the west symbolized the pope s special relationship with and jurisdiction over the latin church and the omission of the title neither symbolizes in any way a change in this relationship nor distorts the relationship between the holy see and the eastern churches as solemnly proclaimed by the second vatican council 177 patriarch of the west was reintroduced to the pope s list of titles in the 2024 edition of the annuario pontifico the vatican has not made any statements explaining why the title has been brought back into use 178 other titles other titles commonly used are his holiness either used alone or as an honorific prefix as in his holiness pope leo and as your holiness as a form of address and holy father in spanish and italian beatísimo beatissimo padre most blessed father is often used in preference to santísimo santissimo padre most holy father in the medieval period dominus apostolicus the apostolic lord was also used signature the signature of pope francis during his pontificate the signature of pope leo xiv during his pontificate pope francis signed some documents with his name alone either in latin franciscus as in an encyclical dated 29 june 2013 179 or in another language 180 other documents he signed in accordance with the tradition of using latin only and including the abbreviated form pp for the latin papa pope 181 popes who have an ordinal numeral in their name traditionally place the abbreviation pp before the ordinal numeral as in leo pp xiv pope leo xiv except in papal bulls of canonization and decrees of ecumenical councils which a pope signs with the formula ego n episcopus ecclesiae catholicae without the numeral as in ego leo episcopus ecclesiae catholicae i leo bishop of the catholic church regalia and insignia main article papal regalia and insignia ring of the fisherman a gold or gilt ring decorated with a depiction of st peter in a boat casting his net with the pope s name around it 182 umbraculum better known in the italian form ombrellino is a canopy or umbrella consisting of alternating red and gold stripes which used to be carried above the pope in processions 183 sedia gestatoria a mobile throne carried by twelve footmen palafrenieri in red uniforms accompanied by two attendants bearing flabella fans made of white ostrich feathers and sometimes a large canopy carried by eight attendants the use of the flabella was discontinued by pope john paul i the use of the sedia gestatoria was discontinued by pope john paul ii 184 a variant of the coat of arms of the holy see in heraldry each pope has his own personal coat of arms though unique for each pope the arms have for several centuries been traditionally accompanied by two keys in saltire i e crossed over one another so as to form an x behind the escutcheon shield one silver key and one gold key tied with a red cord and above them a silver triregnum with three gold crowns and red infulae lappets two strips of fabric hanging from the back of the triregnum which fall over the neck and shoulders when worn this is blazoned two keys in saltire or and argent interlacing in the rings or beneath a tiara argent crowned or the 21st century has seen departures from this tradition in 2005 pope benedict xvi while maintaining the crossed keys behind the shield omitted the papal tiara from his personal coat of arms replacing it with a mitre with three horizontal lines beneath the shield he added the pallium a papal symbol of authority more ancient than the tiara the use of which is also granted to metropolitan archbishops as a sign of communion with the see of rome although the tiara was omitted in the pope s personal coat of arms the coat of arms of the holy see which includes the tiara remained unaltered in 2013 pope francis maintained the mitre that replaced the tiara but omitted the pallium the flag most frequently associated with the pope is the yellow and white flag of vatican city with the arms of the holy see blazoned gules two keys in saltire or and argent interlacing in the rings or beneath a tiara argent crowned or on the right hand side the fly in the white half of the flag the left hand side the hoist is yellow the pope s escucheon does not appear on the flag this flag was first adopted in 1808 whereas the previous flag had been red and gold although pope benedict xvi replaced the triregnum with a mitre on his personal coat of arms it has been retained on the flag 185 papal garments pope pius v reigned 1566 1572 is often credited with having originated the custom whereby the pope wears white by continuing after his election to wear the white habit of the dominican order in reality the basic papal attire was white long before the earliest document that describes it as such is the ordo xiii a book of ceremonies compiled in about 1274 later books of ceremonies describe the pope as wearing a red mantle mozzetta camauro and shoes and a white cassock and stockings 186 187 many contemporary portraits of 15th and 16th century predecessors of pius v show them wearing a white cassock similar to his 188 status and authority first vatican council main articles papal supremacy and papal infallibility an 1881 illustration depicting papal infallibility the status and authority of the pope in the catholic church was dogmatically defined by the first vatican council on 18 july 1870 in its dogmatic constitution of the church of christ the council established the following canons 189 if anyone says that the blessed apostle peter was not established by the lord christ as the chief of all the apostles and the visible head of the whole militant church or that the same received great honour but did not receive from the same our lord jesus christ directly and immediately the primacy in true and proper jurisdiction let him be anathema 190 if anyone says that it is not from the institution of christ the lord himself or by divine right that the blessed peter has perpetual successors in the primacy over the universal church or that the roman pontiff is not the successor of blessed peter in the same primacy let him be anathema 191 if anyone thus speaks that the roman pontiff has only the office of inspection or direction but not the full and supreme power of jurisdiction over the universal church not only in things which pertain to faith and morals but also in those which pertain to the discipline and government of the church spread over the whole world or that he possesses only the more important parts but not the whole plenitude of this supreme power or that this power of his is not ordinary and immediate or over the churches altogether and individually and over the pastors and the faithful altogether and individually let him be anathema 192 we adhering faithfully to the tradition received from the beginning of the christian faith to the glory of god our saviour the elevation of the catholic religion and the salvation of christian peoples with the approbation of the sacred council teach and explain that the dogma has been divinely revealed that the roman pontiff when he speaks ex cathedra that is when carrying out the duty of the pastor and teacher of all christians by his supreme apostolic authority he defines a doctrine of faith or morals to be held by the universal church through the divine assistance promised him in blessed peter operates with that infallibility with which the divine redeemer wished that his church be instructed in defining doctrine on faith and morals and so such definitions of the roman pontiff from himself but not from the consensus of the church are unalterable but if anyone presumes to contradict this definition of ours which may god forbid let him be anathema 193 second vatican council pope pius xii wearing the traditional 1877 papal tiara is carried through st peter s basilica on a sedia gestatoria c 1955 in its dogmatic constitution on the church 1964 the second vatican council declared among the principal duties of bishops the preaching of the gospel occupies an eminent place for bishops are preachers of the faith who lead new disciples to christ and they are authentic teachers that is teachers endowed with the authority of christ who preach to the people committed to them the faith they must believe and put into practice and by the light of the holy spirit illustrate that faith they bring forth from the treasury of revelation new things and old making it bear fruit and vigilantly warding off any errors that threaten their flock bishops teaching in communion with the roman pontiff are to be respected by all as witnesses to divine and catholic truth in matters of faith and morals the bishops speak in the name of christ and the faithful are to accept their teaching and adhere to it with a religious assent this religious submission of mind and will must be shown in a special way to the authentic magisterium of the roman pontiff even when he is not speaking ex cathedra that is it must be shown so that his supreme magisterium is acknowledged with reverence the judgments made by him are sincerely adhered to according to his manifest mind and will his mind 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