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main menu main menu move to sidebar hide navigation main page contents current events random article about wikipedia contact us contribute help learn to edit community portal recent changes upload file special pages search search appearance donate create account log in personal tools donate create account log in contents move to sidebar hide top 1 physiology 2 social aspects 3 purpose 4 self tickling 5 tickle fight 6 as physical abuse 7 see also 8 further reading 9 references 10 external links toggle the table of contents tickling 43 languages aragonés العربية bikol central български brezhoneg català čeština чӑвашла dansk deutsch emiliàn e rumagnòl esperanto español euskara فارسی suomi français עברית हिन्दी magyar bahasa indonesia italiano 日本語 ಕನ್ನಡ 한국어 नेपाली nederlands ਪੰਜਾਬੀ polski português русский sicilianu simple english slovenčina српски srpski svenska tagalog toki pona türkçe українська tiếng việt 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read view source view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read view source view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia action of making one laugh through physical touch tickle redirects here for other uses see tickle disambiguation for the bird see tikling tickling the baby by fritz zuber buhler 19th century painting tickling is the act of touching a part of a person s body in a way that causes involuntary twitching movements or laughter 1 the word tickle ⓘ evolved from the middle english tikelen perhaps frequentative of ticken to touch lightly 1 in 1897 psychologists g stanley hall and arthur allin described a tickle as two different types of phenomena 2 one type is caused by very light movement across the skin this type of tickle called a knismesis generally does not produce laughter and is sometimes accompanied by an itching sensation physiology james john hill tickling results from a mild stimulation moving across the skin and is associated with behaviors such as smiling laughter twitching withdrawal and goose bumps the tickle can be divided into two separate categories of sensation knismesis and gargalesis knismesis also known as a moving itch is a mildly annoying sensation caused by a light movement on the skin such as from a crawling insect this may explain why it has evolved in many animals 3 for example a dog exhibiting the scratch reflex is an example of knismesis when stimulated in the saddle region most dogs will exhibit a reflexive rhythmic twitching of their hind legs this reflex can be brought on by actions such as scratching brushing stroking or even tapping the sensitive area horses also exhibit a response to knismesis as they can be observed twitching the panniculus carnosus muscle in response to insects landing on their sides gargalesis reactions refer to a laughter provoking feeling caused by a harsher deeper pressure stroked across the skin in various regions of the body 3 these reactions are thought to be limited to humans and other primates although some research has indicated that rats can also be tickled in this way 4 a german study also indicates that the gargalesis type of tickle triggers a defense mechanism for humans in the hypothalamus conveying submissiveness or fleeing from danger 5 it appears that the tickle sensation involves signals from nerve fibres associated with both pain and touch in 1939 yngve zotterman of the karolinska institute studied the knismesis type of tickle in cats by measuring the action potentials generated in the nerve fibres while lightly stroking the skin with a piece of cotton wool zotterman found that the tickling sensation depended in part on the nerves that generate pain 6 further studies have discovered that when the pain nerves are severed by surgeons in an effort to reduce intractable pain the tickle response is also diminished 7 however in some patients that have lost pain sensation due to spinal cord injury some aspects of the tickle response do remain 8 tickle may also depend on nerve fibres associated with the sense of touch when circulation is severed in a limb the response to touch and tickle are lost prior to the loss of pain sensation 9 areas of the skin that are the most sensitive to touch are not necessarily the most ticklish while the palm of the hand is far more sensitive to touch most people find that the soles of their feet are the most ticklish 9 10 other commonly ticklish areas in decreasing order of effect include the armpits the neck under the chin and the ribs 10 some evidence suggests that laughing associated with tickling is a nervous reaction that can be triggered indeed very ticklish people often start laughing before actually being tickled 11 social aspects françois boucher le sommeil interrompu charles darwin theorized on the link between tickling and social relations arguing that tickling provokes laughter through the anticipation of pleasure 12 if a stranger tickles a child without any preliminaries catching the child by surprise the likely result will be not laughter but withdrawal and displeasure darwin also noticed that for tickling to be effective the ticklee must not know the precise point of stimulation in advance and reasoned that this is why most people cannot effectively tickle themselves darwin explained why we laugh when we are tickled by saying the imagination is sometimes said to be tickled by a ludicrous idea and this so called tickling of the mind is curiously analogous with that of the body laughter from being tickled is manifestly a reflex action and likewise this is shown by the minute unstriped muscles which serve to erect the separate hairs on the body 13 tickling is defined by many child psychologists as an integral bonding activity between parents and children 14 in the parent child concept tickling establishes at an early age the pleasure associated with being touched by a parent with a trust bond developed so that parents may touch a child in an unpleasant way should circumstances develop such as the need to treat a painful injury or prevent them from harm or danger 14 this tickling relationship continues throughout childhood and often into the early to mid teen years another tickling social relationship is that which forms between siblings of relatively the same age 14 many case studies have indicated that siblings often use tickling as an alternative to outright violence when attempting to either punish or intimidate one another the sibling tickling relationship can occasionally develop into an anti social situation or tickle torture where one sibling will tickle the other without mercy the motivation behind tickle torture is often to portray the sense of domination the tickler has over the victim 14 as with parents and siblings tickling serves as a bonding mechanism between friends and is classified by psychologists as part of the fifth and highest grade of social play which involves special intimacy or cognitive interaction 14 this suggests that tickling works best when all the parties involved feel comfortable with the situation and one another 15 it can also serve as an outlet for sexual energy during adolescence 16 and a number of people have stated in a study that their private areas were ticklish 17 18 while many people assume that other people enjoy tickling a recent survey of 84 college students indicated that only 32 of respondents enjoy being tickled with 32 giving neutral responses and 36 stating that they do not enjoy being tickled 19 the study also found a very high level of embarrassment and anxiety associated with tickling however in the same study the authors found that the facial indicators of happiness and amusement do not correlate with some people who indicated that they do not enjoy being tickled actually smiling more often during tickling than those who indicated that they do enjoy being tickled 19 which suggests that the facial indicators are not produced in response to the same emotions as under typical circumstances it has also been suggested that people may enjoy tickling because it elicits laughter as well as the feeling of being tickled social psychologists find that mimicking expressions generally cause people to some degree experience that emotion 9 excessive tickling has been described as a primary sexual obsession and under these circumstances is sometimes considered a form of paraphilia 20 tickling can also be a form of sexual harassment 15 purpose some of history s greatest thinkers have pondered the mysteries of the tickle response including plato francis bacon galileo galilei and charles darwin 9 in the assayer galileo philosophically examines tickling in the context of how we perceive reality 21 when touched upon the soles of the feet for example it feels in addition to the common sensation of touch a sensation on which we have imposed a special name tickling this sensation belongs to us and not to the hand a piece of paper or a feather drawn lightly over any part of our bodies performs intrinsically the same operations of moving and touching but by touching the eye the nose or the upper lip it excites in us an almost intolerable titillation even though elsewhere it is scarcely felt this titillation belongs entirely to us and not to the feather if the live and sensitive body were removed it would remain no more than a mere word francis bacon and charles darwin believed that humorous laughter requires a light frame of mind but they differed on ticklish laughter darwin thought that the same light state of mind was required whereas bacon disagreed when tickled noted bacon men even in a grieved state of mind yet cannot sometimes forbear laughing 22 one hypothesis as mentioned above is that tickling serves as a pleasant bonding experience between parent and child 9 however this hypothesis does not adequately explain why many children and adults find tickling to be an unpleasant experience another view maintained is that tickling develops as a prenatal response and that the development of sensitive areas on the fetus helps to orient the fetus into favourable positions while in the womb 23 it is unknown why certain people find areas of the body to be more ticklish than others additionally studies have shown that there is no significant difference in ticklishness among the genders 24 in 1924 j c gregory proposed that the most ticklish places on the body were also those areas that were the most vulnerable during hand to hand combat he posited that ticklishness might confer an evolutionary advantage by enticing the individual to protect these areas consistent with this idea university of iowa psychiatrist donald w black observed that most ticklish spots are found in the same places as the protective reflexes 25 a third hybrid hypothesis has suggested that tickling encourages the development of combat skills 9 most tickling is done by parents siblings and friends and is often a type of rough and tumble play during which time children often develop defensive and combat moves although people generally make movements to get away from and report disliking being tickled laughter encourages the tickler to continue if the facial expressions induced by tickle were less pleasant the tickler would be less likely to continue thus diminishing the frequency of these combat lessons to understand how much of the tickle response is dependent on the interpersonal relationship of the parties involved christenfeld and harris presented subjects with a mechanical tickle machine they found that the subjects laughed just as much when they believed they were being tickled by a machine as when they thought they were being tickled by a person 26 harris goes on to suggest that the tickle response is reflex similar to the startle reflex that is contingent upon the element of surprise 9 self tickling the question as to why a person could not tickle themselves was raised by the greek philosopher aristotle 9 in problems his theory was that laughter arises from being deranged or deceived to be surprised such as in tickling is inherently to be deceived and one cannot surprise deceive and thereby tickle oneself 27 knismesis may represent a vestige of the primitive grooming response in effect knismesis serves as a non self detector and protects the subject against foreign objects perhaps due to the importance of knismesis in protection this type of light touch is not dependent on the element of surprise and it is possible for one to induce self knismesis by light touching 18 gargalesis on the other hand produces an odd phenomenon when a person touches ticklish parts on their own body no tickling sensation is experienced it is thought that the tickling requires a certain amount of surprise and because tickling oneself produces no unexpected motion on the skin the response is not activated 18 in 1998 blakemore and colleagues analyzed the self tickle response by using mri technology to investigate how the brain distinguishes between sensations the person makes for themself and sensations others create for when subjects used a joystick to control a tickling robot they could not make themselves laugh this suggests that when a person tries to tickle themselves the cerebellum sends to the somatosensory cortex precise information on the position of the tickling target and therefore what sensation to expect apparently an unknown cortical mechanism then decreases or inhibits the tickling sensation 28 while the reasons for the inhibition of the tickling sensation during self tickling remain unknown research shows that the human brain is trained to know what sensation to expect when the body moves or performs an action 29 another reason may be the lack of awareness of many sensations arising from self movement such as not paying attention to one s own vocal cords when one tries to tickle oneself by grabbing one s sides the brain foresees this contact between body and hand and prepares itself for it this removes the feeling of unease and panic causing the body to not react to tickling in the same way it would if someone else supplied the stimulus however some people with schizophrenia have the ability to tickle themselves non pathological individuals high in schizotypical traits also have a greater self tickling ability than people low in schizotypical traits this is suggested to possibly correlate with a less pronounced ability of these people to track and attribute the results of their own actions 30 31 tickle fight a tickle fight is a playful leisure activity 32 in which two people or sometimes more tickle each other to the point where one of the participants gives up citation needed it can occur as a sudden outburst without consensus about it citation needed or as a carefully designed challe...
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