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in ashfield massachusetts hall grew up on a farm with his parents granville bascom hall who served on the massachusetts legislature and abigail beals who attended school at albany female seminary and went on to become a teacher herself as an adolescent hall experienced frequent nocturnal emissions 3 he spent much of his time reading and taking advantage of the educational opportunities he could gain from his parents and the local schools at a young age he was interested in animals and bodily skills 1 by the age of 16 he began to teach other students most of whom were older than he was education and early career edit hall attended williston seminary and graduated from williams college in 1867 then studied at the union theological seminary inspired by wilhelm wundt s principles of physiological psychology hall pursued doctoral studies at harvard university where he met william james an adjunct professor who had just taught the nation s first psychology class in 1878 hall earned his doctorate in psychology from harvard the first psychology doctorate awarded in the united states of america 4 afterward hall could find no academic jobs available in psychology so he went to europe to study at the university of berlin and spent a brief time in wundt s leipzig laboratory in 1879 he began his career by teaching english and philosophy at antioch college in yellow springs ohio and then teaching history of philosophy at williams college in massachusetts following successful lecture series at harvard and johns hopkins university hall secured a position in the philosophy department at johns hopkins teaching psychology and pedagogy 5 he remained at johns hopkins from 1882 to 1888 and in 1883 began the first formal american psychology laboratory 6 there hall objected to the emphasis on teaching traditional subjects e g latin mathematics science and history in high school arguing instead that high school should focus more on the education of adolescents than on preparing students for college hall was elected a member of the american antiquarian society in 1888 7 later career psychology edit in 1887 hall founded the american journal of psychology and in 1892 was elected the first president of the american psychological association 6 in 1889 he was named the first president of clark university a post he filled until 1920 1 during his 31 years as president hall remained intellectually active he was instrumental in the development of educational psychology and attempted to determine the effect adolescence has on education he was also responsible for inviting sigmund freud and carl jung to visit and deliver a lecture series in 1909 at the clark university vicennial conference on psychology and pedagogy hall promised freud an honorary degree from clark university in exchange and the two shared the same beliefs on sex and adolescence this was freud s first and only visit to america and the biggest conference held at clark university it was also the most controversial conference given that freud s research was based on theories that hall s colleagues criticized as non scientific 8 in 1917 hall published a book on religious psychology jesus the christ in the light of psychology in which he sought to identify universal psychological trends in the gospels 9 this was his least successful work in 1922 at the age of 78 he published the book senescence a book on aging 8 group photo 1909 at clark university front row sigmund freud granville stanley hall c g jung back row abraham a brill ernest jones sándor ferenczi darwin s theory of evolution and ernst haeckel s recapitulation theory were large influences on hall s career these ideas prompted hall to examine aspects of childhood development in order to learn about the inheritance of behavior the subjective character of these studies made their validation impossible he believed that as children develop their mental capabilities resemble those of their ancestors and so they develop over a lifetime the same way that species develop over eons 10 hall believed that the process of recapitulation could be sped up through education and force children to reach modern standards of mental capabilities in a shorter length of time 11 his work also delved into controversial portrayals of the differences between women and men as well as the concept of racial eugenics 6 while hall was a proponent of racial eugenics his views were less severe in terms of creating and keeping distinct separations between races hall believed in giving lower races a chance to accept and adapt to superior civilization 11 hall even commended high ranking african americans in society as being exception to the negro s diminished evolutionary inheritance 12 hall viewed civilization in a similar fashion he viewed biological development humans must allow civilization to run its natural evolution 12 hall saw those who did not accept the superior civilization as being primitive savages hall viewed these civilizations in a similar fashion as he viewed children stating that their faults and their virtues are those of childhood and youth 11 hall believed that men and women should be separated into their own schools during puberty because it allowed them to be able to grow within their own gender women could be educated with motherhood in mind and the men could be educated in more hands on projects helping them to become leaders of their homes hall believed that schools with both sexes limited the way they could learn and softened the boys earlier than they should be 11 it is a period of equilibrium but with the onset of puberty the equilibrium is disturbed and new tendencies arise modifications in the reproductive organs take place and bring about secondary sexual characteristics extroversion gives way slowly to introversion and more definitely social instincts begin to play an increasing role hall was heavily influenced by jean baptiste lamarck and his theory of evolution hall found the idea of passing on memories from parent to offspring was a plausible mode of inheritance 13 anomalistic psychology edit hall was one of the founding members and a vice president of the american society for psychical research 14 the early members of the society were skeptical of paranormal phenomena 15 hall took a psychological approach to psychical phenomena by 1890 he had resigned from the society 16 he became an outspoken critic of parapsychology 17 hall was an early psychologist in the field of anomalistic psychology 18 hall and his assistant amy tanner from clark university were notable debunkers of spiritualism and carried out psychological and physiological tests on mediums tanner published studies in spiritism 1910 with an introduction by hall 19 the book documented the tests carried out by hall and tanner in the séance sittings held with the medium leonora piper 20 hall and tanner had proven by tests that the personalities of piper were fictitious creations and not discarnate spirits 21 guiding views edit social views edit hall was deeply wedded to the german concept of volk an anti individualist and authoritarian romanticism in which the individual is dissolved into a transcendental collective hall believed that humans are by nature non reasoning and instinct driven requiring a charismatic leader to manipulate their herd instincts for the well being of society he predicted that the american emphasis on individual human right and dignity would lead to a fall that he analogized to the sinking of atlantis hall was one of the founders of the child study movement in the 1880s a national network of study groups called hall clubs existed to spread his teaching he is popularly known today for supervising the 1896 study of peculiar and exceptional children which described a series of only child eccentrics as permanent misfits for decades academics and advice columnists alike disseminated his conclusion that an only child could not be expected to go through life with the same capacity for adjustment that siblings possessed being an only child is a disease in itself he claimed 22 hall argued that child development recapitulates his highly racialized conception of the history of human evolutionary development he characterized pre adolescent children as savages and therefore rationalized that reasoning was a waste of time with children he believed that children must simply be led to fear god love country and develop a strong body as the child burns out the vestiges of evil in his nature he needs a good dose of authoritarian discipline including corporal punishment 8 he believed that adolescents are characterized by more altruistic natures than pre adolescents and that high schools should indoctrinate students into selfless ideals of service patriotism body culture military discipline love of authority awe of nature and devotion to the state and the well being of others 23 hall consistently argued against intellectual attainment at all levels of public education open discussion and critical opinions were not to be tolerated students needed indoctrination to save them from the individualism that was so damaging to the progress of american culture hall popularized the phrase storm and stress with reference to adolescence taken from the german sturm und drang movement his colleague william burnham had published this phrase in relation to adolescence in an 1889 article titled economy in intellectual work 24 the concept s three key aspects are conflict with parents mood disruptions and risky behavior as was later the case with the work of lev vygotsky and jean piaget public interest in this phrase as well as with hall s role faded recent research when citation needed has led to some reconsideration of the phrase and its denotation in its three aspects recent evidence supports storm and stress but only when modified to take into account individual differences and cultural variations currently psychologists do not accept storm and stress as universal but do acknowledge the possibility in brief passing not all adolescents experience storm and stress but storm and stress is more likely during adolescence than at other ages hall had no sympathy for the poor the sick or those with developmental differences or disabilities a firm believer in selective breeding and forced sterilization he believed that any respect or charity toward those he viewed as physically emotionally or intellectually weak or defective simply interfered with the movement of natural selection toward the development of a super race 11 hall s major books were adolescence its psychology and its relations to physiology anthropology sociology sex crime and religion 1904 and aspects of child life and education 1921 in his book adolescence which was based on the results of the child study movement hall described his system of psychology which he called genetic psychology and the evolutionary benefits of development from the womb to adolescence the book comprises six sections biological and anthropological standpoint medical standpoint health and its tests nobility of educated women fecundity of educated women and education hall hoped that this book would become a guide for teachers and social workers in the education system 25 in 1904 hall published adolescence its psychology and its relation to physiology anthropology sociology sex crime religion and education in this 2 volume study based on the idea that child development recapitulates human evolution hall took on a variety of issues and synthesized scholarship from a wide range of disciplines 26 after his retirement in 1920 hall wrote a companion volume on aging this important account has been labeled prophetic in its recognition of an emerging crisis of aging in the 20th century in which longer lifespan narrowing family roles and expulsion from the workforce combined to dramatically isolate the elderly and restrict their active participation in public life 27 hall railed against this process arguing that the wisdom conferred by old age meant that the elderly had valuable and creative contributions to make to society yet the stigma of aging meant that instead many were engaged in the foolish pursuit of youth trying to avoid being excluded from full participation in their communities in the conclusion of the book hall expressed a tangible sense of personal anger against this form of discrimination 28 his stirring call for a better understanding of the aging process anticipated the development of gerontology and his critique of the marginalization of the elderly still resonates today 26 hall viewed masturbation as an immoral act and a blemish of the human race that interfered with moral and intellectual growth hall discussed masturbation in reference to men and did not discuss it in terms of women it is not known whether he knew this act occurred in women or that hall believed adolescent boys must go through what he described as conversion this conversion releases the boys from biological sins that were passed onto them by their ancestors this passing on of sins through generations is guided by lamarckian evolution 13 he claimed that conversion occurred as naturally as a blossoming flower 11 instead of masturbation hall viewed spontaneous emissions as a natural and acceptable alternative to forced ejaculation 13 hall believed that he went through conversion during his freshman year at williams college 12 hall also coined the technical words describing types of tickling knismesis or feather like tickling and gargalesis for the harder laughter inducing type hall is best remembered for his contributions to psychology for his support of applied psychology and for his success in advising many doctoral students who have made great contributions to psychology hall also mentored the first african american to get a phd in psychology francis cecil sumner in 1920 8 25 religious views edit hall is listed in the cambridge companion to atheism as having been an atheist 29 hall was a pioneer in the school of religious psychology he was exposed to christianity by his pious mother as a child while he attended williston seminary school he joined the college church and instructed adult bible classes he is quoted as saying highest choice of free will is self surrender to the service of god as well as love fixed in the highest being god he moved on to attend union theological seminary in new york in 1867 interested in comparative religion he took a position at the city missionary society and attended multiple types of religious services after graduation hall served at a small church in pennsylvania for a short while before leaving to further his studies hall promoted religion as the reinstatement of the individual into their true place in the world a return to health and wholeness hall would later teach religious psychology at johns hopkins and clark school of religious psychology he also founded a library department for religious psychology 30 views on eugenics edit hall expresse...