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caust type systems used to heat monasteries in poland and teutonic malbork castle 10 1400 hypocaust type systems used to heat hammams of the ottoman empire 1500 attention to comfort and architecture in europe evolves china and korea continue to apply floor heating with wide scale adoption 1600 in france heated flues in floors and walls are used in greenhouses 1700 benjamin franklin studies the french and asian cultures and makes note of their respective heating system leading to the development of the franklin stove steam based radiant pipes are used in france hypocaust type system used to heat public bath hammam in the citadel town of erbil located in modern day iraq 11 1800 beginnings of the european evolution of the modern water heater boiler and water based piping systems including studies in thermal conductivities and specific heat of materials and emissivity reflectivity of surfaces watt leslie rumford 12 reference to the use of small bore pipes used in the john soane house and museum 13 1864 underfloor heating type system used at civil war hospital sites in america 14 reichstag building in germany uses the thermal mass of the building for cooling and heating 1899 the earliest beginnings of polyethylene based pipes occur when german scientist hans von pechmann discovered a waxy residue at the bottom of a test tube colleagues eugen bamberger and friedrich tschirner called it polymethylene but it was discarded as having no commercial use at the time 15 1904 liverpool cathedral in england is heated with system based on the hypocaust principles 1905 frank lloyd wright makes his first trip to japan later incorporates various early forms of radiant heating in his projects 1907 england prof barker granted patent no 28477 for panel warming using small pipes patents later sold to the crittal company who appointed representatives across europe a m byers of america promotes radiant heating using small bore water pipes asia continues to use traditional ondol and kang wood is used as the fuel combustion gases sent under floor 1930 oscar faber in england uses water pipes used to radiant heat and cool several large buildings 16 1933 explosion at england s imperial chemical industries ici laboratory during a high pressure experiment with ethylene gas results in a wax like substance later to become polyethylene and the re beginnings of pex pipe 17 1937 frank lloyd wright designs the radiant heated herbert jacobs house the first usonian home 1939 first small scale polyethylene plant built in america 1945 american developer william levitt builds large scale developments for returning gis water based copper pipe radiant heating used throughout thousands of homes poor building envelopes on all continents require excessive surface temperatures leading in some cases to health problems thermal comfort and health science research using hot plates thermal manikins and comfort laboratories in europe and america later establishes lower surface temperature limits and development of comfort standards 1950 korean war wipes out wood supplies for ondol population forced to use coal developer joseph eichler in california begins the construction of thousands of radiant heated homes 1951 j bjorksten of bjorksten research laboratories in madison wi announces first results of what is believed to be the first instance of testing three types of plastic tubing for radiant floor heating in america polyethylene vinyl chloride copolymer and vinylidene chloride were tested over three winters 18 1953 the first canadian polyethylene plant is built near edmonton alberta 19 1960 nrc researcher from canada installs underfloor heating in his home and later remarks decades later it would be identified as a passive solar house it incorporated innovative features such as the radiant heating system supplied with hot water from an automatically stoked anthracite furnace 20 1965 thomas engel patents method for stabilizing polyethylene by cross linking molecules using peroxide pex a and in 1967 sells license options to a number of pipe producers 21 1970 evolution of korean architecture leads to multistory housings flue gases from coal based ondol results in many deaths leading to the removal of the home based flue gas system to a central water based heating plants oxygen permeation becomes corrosion issue in europe leading to the development of barriered pipe and oxygen permeation standards 1980 the first standards for floor heating are developed in europe water based ondol system is applied to almost all of residential buildings in korea 1985 floor heating becomes a traditional heating systems in residential buildings in middle europe and nordic countries and increasing applications in non residential buildings 1995 the application of floor cooling and thermal active building systems tabs in residential and commercial buildings are widely introduced into the market 22 2000 the use of embedded radiant cooling systems in the middle of europe becomes a standard system with many parts of the world applying radiant based hvac systems as means of using low temperatures for heating and high temperatures for cooling 2010 radiant conditioned pearl river tower in guangzhou china topped out at 71 stories description edit modern underfloor heating systems use either electrical resistance elements electric systems or fluid flowing in pipes hydronic systems to heat the floor either type can be installed as the primary whole building heating system or as localized floor heating for thermal comfort some systems allow for single rooms to be heated when they are a part of a larger multi room system avoiding any wasted heat electrical resistance can only be used for heating when space cooling is also required hydronic systems must be used other applications for which either electric or hydronic systems are suited include snow ice melting for walks driveways and landing pads turf conditioning of football and soccer fields and frost prevention in freezers and skating rinks a range of underfloor heating systems and designs are available to suit different types of flooring 23 some underfloor heating systems are designed to be laid within the floor construction with the pipework embedded within a screed beneath the floor covering typically used in extensions or new builds meanwhile other underfloor heating systems can be fitted directly on top of an existing floor providing it is level and stable using self adhesive panels into which the pipework is laid and a self levelling screed is poured a popular solution for retrofit projects 24 electric heating elements or hydronic piping can be cast in a concrete floor slab poured floor system or wet system under the floor covering dry system or attached directly to a wood sub floor sub floor system or dry system underfloor heating can also be installed in suspended timber joisted floors both ground and upper floors either between the joists using a metal plate to transfer the heat across the floor above or by incorporating the pipework within a specially designed structural floor deck 25 some commercial buildings are designed to take advantage of thermal mass which is heated or cooled during off peak hours when utility rates are lower with the heating cooling system turned off during the day the concrete mass and room temperature drift up or down within the desired comfort range such systems are known as thermally activated building systems or tabs 26 27 the terms radiant heating and radiant cooling are commonly used to describe this approach because radiation is responsible for a significant portion of the resulting thermal comfort but this usage is technically correct only when radiation composes more than 50 of the heat exchange between the floor and the rest of the space 28 hydronic systems edit hydronic systems use water or a mix of water and anti freeze such as propylene glycol 29 as the heat transfer fluid in a closed loop that is recirculated between the floor and the boiler various types of pipes are available specifically for hydronic underfloor heating and cooling systems and are generally made from polyethylene including pex pex al pex and pert older materials such as polybutylene pb and copper or steel pipe are still used in some locales or for specialized applications hydronic systems require skilled designers and tradespeople familiar with boilers circulators controls fluid pressures and temperature the use of modern factory assembled sub stations used primarily in district heating and cooling can greatly simplify design requirements and reduce the installation and commissioning time of hydronic systems hydronic systems can use a single source or combination of energy sources to help manage energy costs hydronic system energy source options are boilers heaters including combined heat and power plants notes 1 heated by natural gas or methane industry wide is considered the cleanest and most efficient method of heating water depending on availability costs about 7 million b t u propane mainly made from oil less efficient than natural gas by volume and generally much more expensive on a b t u basis produces more carbon dioxide than methane on a b t u basis costs about 25 million b t u coal oil or waste oil electricity solar thermal wood or other biomass bio fuels heat pumps and chillers powered by electricity natural gas geothermal heat pump underfloor heating is particularly suitable when the energy source is a heat pump because underfloor heating uses lower water temperatures than systems using radiators which improves the efficiency of the heat pump 30 underfloor heating pipes before they are covered by the screed underfloor heating pipes before they are covered by a concrete garage slab radiant tubing layout project bcit aerospace hangar vancouver british columbia canada manifold assembly modern factory assembled hydronic control appliances for underfloor heating and cooling shown with covers on modern factory assembled hydronic control appliances for underfloor heating and cooling shown with covers off wax actuators electric systems edit electric floor heating installation cement being applied electric systems are used only for heating and employ non corrosive flexible heating elements including cables pre formed cable mats bronze mesh and carbon films due to their low profile they can be installed in a thermal mass or directly under floor finishes electric systems can also take advantage of time of use electricity metering and are frequently used as carpet heaters portable under area rug heaters under laminate floor heaters under tile heating under wood floor heating and floor warming systems including under shower floor and seat heating large electric systems also require skilled designers and tradespeople but this is less so for small floor warming systems electric systems use fewer components and are simpler to install and commission than hydronic systems some electric systems use line voltage technology while others use low voltage technology the power consumption of an electric system is not based on voltage but rather wattage output produced by the heating element features edit airflow from vertical temperature gradients edit vertical temperature gradient caused by stable stratification of air inside a room without underfloor heating the floor is over three degrees celsius colder than the ceiling thermal comfort quality edit as defined by ansi ashrae standard 55 thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy thermal comfort is that condition of mind which expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment and is assessed by subjective evaluation relating specifically to underfloor heating thermal comfort is influenced by floor surface temperature and associated elements such as radiant asymmetry mean radiant temperature and operative temperature research by nevins rohles gagge p ole fanger et al show that humans at rest with clothing typical of light office and home wear exchange over 50 of their sensible heat via radiation underfloor heating influences the radiant exchange by warming the interior surfaces the heating of the surfaces suppresses body heat loss resulting in a perception of heating comfort this general sensation of comfort is further enhanced through conduction feet on floor and through convection by the surface s influence on air density underfloor cooling works by absorbing both short wave and long wave radiation resulting in cool interior surfaces these cool surfaces encourage the loss of body heat resulting in a perception of cooling comfort localized discomfort due to cold and warm floors wearing normal footwear and stocking feet is addressed in the iso 7730 and ashrae 55 standards and ashrae fundamentals handbooks and can be corrected or regulated with floor heating and cooling systems indoor air quality edit underfloor heating can have a positive effect on the quality of indoor air by facilitating the choice of otherwise perceived cold flooring materials such as tile slate terrazzo and concrete these masonry surfaces typically have very low voc emissions volatile organic compounds in comparison to other flooring options in conjunction with moisture control floor heating also establishes temperature conditions that are less favorable in supporting mold bacteria viruses and dust mites 31 32 by removing the sensible heating load from the total hvac heating ventilating and air conditioning load ventilation filtration and dehumidification of incoming air can be accomplished with dedicated outdoor air systems having less volumetric turnover to mitigate distribution of airborne contaminates there is recognition from the medical community relating to the benefits of floor heating especially as it relates to allergens 33 34 energy edit under floor radiant systems are evaluated for sustainability through the principles of efficiency entropy exergy 35 and efficacy when combined with high performance buildings underfloor systems operate with low temperatures in heating and high temperatures in cooling 36 in the ranges found typically in geothermal 37 and solar thermal systems when coupled with these non combustible renewable energy sources the sustainability benefits include reduction or elimination of combustion and greenhouse gases produced by boilers and power generation for heat pumps 38 and chillers as well as reduced demands for non renewables and greater inventories for future generations this has been supported through simulation evaluations 39 40 41 42 and through research funded by the u s department of energy 43 44 canada mortgage and housing corporation 45 fraunhofer institute ise 46 as well as ashrae 47 safety and health edit low temperature underfloor heating is embedded in the floor or placed under the floor covering as such it occupies no wall space and creates no burn hazards nor is it a hazard for physical injuries due to accidental contact leading to tripping and falling this has been...
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