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Text of the page (random words):
e term america used without a qualifier seldom refers to topics unrelated to the united states the americas is the general term to describe the totality of the continents of north and south america 39 history main article history of the united states for a topical guide see outline of the history of the united states indigenous peoples main articles history of native americans in the united states and pre columbian era cliff palace a settlement of ancestors of the native american pueblo peoples in present day montezuma county colorado built between c 1200 and 1275 40 the first inhabitants of north america migrated from siberia at least 15 000 years ago either across the bering land bridge or along the now submerged ice age coastline 41 42 human footprints at white sands national park have been dated to about 21 000 23 000 years ago 43 the clovis culture which appeared around 11 000 bce in north america is believed to be the first widespread culture in the americas 44 45 over time indigenous north american cultures grew increasingly sophisticated and some such as the mississippian culture developed agriculture architecture and complex societies 46 in the post archaic period the mississippian cultures were located in the midwestern eastern and southern regions and the algonquian in the great lakes region and along the eastern seaboard while the hohokam culture and ancestral puebloans inhabited the southwest 47 native population estimates of what is now the united states before the arrival of european colonizers range from around 500 000 48 49 to nearly 10 million 49 50 european exploration colonization and conflict 1513 1765 main articles colonial history of the united states and colonial american military history the colonial possessions of britain the thirteen colonies in pink and others in purple france in blue and spain in orange in north america 1750 christopher columbus began exploring the caribbean for spain in 1492 leading to spanish speaking settlements and missions from what are now puerto rico and florida to new mexico and california the first spanish colony in the present day continental united states was spanish florida chartered in 1513 51 52 53 54 after several settlements failed there due to starvation and disease spain s first permanent town saint augustine was founded in 1565 55 france established its own settlements in french florida in 1562 but they were either abandoned charlesfort 1563 56 or destroyed by spanish raids fort caroline 1565 permanent french settlements were founded much later along the great lakes fort detroit 1701 the mississippi river st louis 1764 and especially the gulf of mexico new orleans 1718 57 early european colonies also included the thriving dutch colony of new nederland settled 1626 present day new york and the small swedish colony of new sweden settled 1638 in what became delaware british colonization of the east coast began with the virginia colony 1607 and the plymouth colony massachusetts 1620 58 59 the mayflower compact in massachusetts and the fundamental orders of connecticut established precedents for local representative self governance and constitutionalism that would develop throughout the american colonies 60 61 while european settlers in what is now the united states experienced conflicts with native americans they also engaged in trade exchanging european tools for food and animal pelts 62 q relations ranged from close cooperation to warfare and massacres the colonial authorities often pursued policies that forced native americans to adopt european lifestyles including conversion to christianity 66 67 along the eastern seaboard settlers trafficked africans through the atlantic slave trade largely to provide manual labor on plantations 68 the original thirteen colonies r that would later found the united states were administered as possessions of the british empire by crown appointed governors 69 though local governments held elections open to most white male property owners 70 71 the colonial population grew rapidly from maine to georgia eclipsing native american populations 72 by the 1770s the natural increase of the population was such that only a small minority of americans had been born overseas 73 the colonies distance from britain facilitated the entrenchment of self governance 74 and the first great awakening a series of christian revivals fueled colonial interest in guaranteed religious liberty 75 american revolution and the early republic 1765 1800 main articles history of the united states 1776 1789 history of the united states 1789 1815 american revolution and founding fathers of the united states the declaration of independence portrait depicts the committee of five presenting the declaration to the continental congress on june 28 1776 in philadelphia following its victory in the french and indian war britain began to assert greater control over local affairs in the thirteen colonies resulting in growing political resistance one of the primary grievances of the colonists was the denial of their rights as englishmen particularly the right to representation in the british government that taxed them to demonstrate their dissatisfaction and resolve the first continental congress met in 1774 and passed the continental association a colonial boycott of british goods enforced by local committees of safety that proved effective the british attempt to then disarm the colonists resulted in the 1775 battles of lexington and concord igniting the american revolutionary war at the second continental congress the colonies appointed george washington commander in chief of the continental army and created a committee that named thomas jefferson to draft the declaration of independence two days after the second continental congress passed the lee resolution to create an independent sovereign nation the declaration was adopted on july 4 1776 76 the political values of the american revolution evolved from an armed rebellion demanding reform within an empire to a revolution that created a new social and governing system founded on the defense of liberty and the protection of inalienable natural rights equality under the law sovereignty of the people 77 republicanism over monarchy aristocracy and other hereditary political power civic virtue and an intolerance of political corruption 78 the founding fathers of the united states who included washington jefferson john adams benjamin franklin alexander hamilton john jay james madison thomas paine and many others were inspired by classical renaissance and enlightenment philosophies and ideas 79 80 though in practical effect since its drafting in 1777 the articles of confederation were ratified in 1781 and formally established a decentralized government that operated until 1789 76 after the british surrender at the siege of yorktown in 1781 american sovereignty was internationally recognized by the treaty of paris 1783 through which the u s also gained territory stretching west to the mississippi river north to present day canada and south to spanish florida 81 the northwest ordinance 1787 established the precedent by which the country s territory would expand with the admission of new states rather than the expansion of existing states 82 the u s constitution was drafted at the 1787 constitutional convention to overcome certain limitations of the articles it went into effect in 1789 creating a federal republic governed by three separate branches that together formed a system of checks and balances 83 george washington was elected the country s first president under the constitution and the bill of rights a series of ten amendments to the constitution was adopted in 1791 to allay skeptics concerns about the power of the more centralized government 84 washington s resignation as commander in chief after the revolutionary war and his later refusal to run for a third term as the country s first president established a precedent for the supremacy of civil authority in the united states and the peaceful transfer of power 85 westward expansion and civil war 1800 1865 main articles history of the united states 1815 1849 and history of the united states 1849 1865 territorial expansion of the united states in the late 18th century american settlers began to expand westward in larger numbers many with a sense of manifest destiny 86 87 the louisiana purchase of 1803 from france nearly doubled the territory of the united states 88 89 lingering issues with britain remained leading to the war of 1812 which was fought to a draw 90 spain ceded florida and its gulf coast territory in 1819 91 the missouri compromise of 1820 which admitted missouri as a slave state and maine as a free state attempted to balance the desire of northern states to prevent the expansion of slavery into new territories with that of southern states to extend it there primarily the compromise prohibited slavery in all other lands of the louisiana purchase north of the 36 30 parallel 92 as americans expanded further into territory inhabited by native americans the federal government implemented policies of indian removal or assimilation 93 94 the most significant such legislation was the indian removal act of 1830 a key policy of president andrew jackson it resulted in the trail of tears 1830 1850 in which an estimated 60 000 native americans living east of the mississippi river were forcibly removed and displaced to lands far to the west causing 13 200 to 16 700 deaths along the forced march 95 settler expansion as well as this influx of indigenous peoples from the east resulted in the american indian wars west of the mississippi 96 97 during the colonial period slavery became legal in all the thirteen colonies and by 1770 it provided the main labor force in the large scale agriculture dependent economies of the southern colonies from maryland to georgia the practice began to be significantly questioned during the american revolution 98 and spurred by an active abolitionist movement that had reemerged in the 1830s states in the north enacted laws to prohibit slavery within their boundaries 99 at the same time support for slavery had strengthened in southern states with widespread use of inventions such as the cotton gin 1793 having made slavery immensely profitable for southern elites 100 101 102 the united states annexed the republic of texas in 1845 103 and the 1846 oregon treaty led to u s control of the present day american northwest 104 dispute with mexico over texas led to the mexican american war 1846 1848 after the victory of the u s mexico recognized u s sovereignty over texas new mexico and california in the 1848 mexican cession the cession s lands also included the future states of nevada colorado and utah 86 105 the california gold rush of 1848 1849 spurred a huge migration of white settlers to the pacific coast leading to even more confrontations with native populations one of the most violent the california genocide of thousands of native inhabitants lasted into the mid 1870s 106 additional western territories and states were created 107 slave states and free states in 1858 throughout the 1850s the sectional conflict regarding slavery was further inflamed by national legislation in the u s congress and decisions of the supreme court in congress the fugitive slave act of 1850 mandated the forcible return to their enslavers in the south of persons taking refuge in non slave states while the kansas nebraska act of 1854 effectively gutted the anti slavery requirements of the missouri compromise 108 in its dred scott decision of 1857 the supreme court ruled against an enslaved person brought into non slave territory simultaneously declaring the entire missouri compromise to be unconstitutional these and other events exacerbated tensions between north and south that would culminate in the american civil war 1861 1865 109 110 111 beginning with south carolina 11 slave state governments voted to secede from the united states in 1860 1861 joining to create the confederate states of america 112 all other state governments remained loyal to the union s 113 114 war broke out in april 1861 after the confederacy bombarded fort sumter 115 116 following the emancipation proclamation on january 1 1863 many freed slaves joined the union army 117 the war began to turn in the union s favor following the 1863 siege of vicksburg and battle of gettysburg and the confederates surrendered in 1865 after the union s victory in the battle of appomattox court house 118 reconstruction gilded age and progressive era 1866 1917 main article history of the united states 1865 1917 an edison studios film showing immigrants arriving at ellis island in new york harbor a major point of entry for european immigrants in the late 19th and early 20th centuries 119 120 efforts toward reconstruction in the secessionist south had begun as early as 1862 121 but it was only after president lincoln s assassination that the three reconstruction amendments to the constitution were ratified to protect civil rights the amendments codified nationally the abolition of slavery and involuntary servitude except as punishment for crimes promised equal protection under the law for all persons and prohibited denial or abridgment of voting rights on the basis of race color or previous enslavement 122 123 124 125 as a result african americans took an active political role in ex confederate states in the decade following the civil war 126 127 the former confederate states were readmitted to the union beginning with tennessee in 1866 and ending with georgia in 1870 128 129 national infrastructure including transcontinental telegraph and railroads spurred growth in the american frontier this was accelerated by the homestead acts through which nearly 10 percent of the total land area of the united states was given away free to some 1 6 million homesteaders 130 131 from 1865 through 1917 an unprecedented stream of immigrants arrived in the united states including 24 4 million from europe 132 most came through the port of new york as new york city and other major cities on the east coast became home to large jewish irish and italian populations many northern europeans as well as significant numbers of germans and other central europeans moved to the midwest at the same time about one million french canadians migrated from quebec to new england 133 during the great migration millions of african americans left the rural south for urban areas in the north 134 alaska was purchased from russia in 1867 135 the compromise of 1877 is generally considered the end of the reconstruction era as it resolved the electoral crisis following the 1876 presidential election and led president rutherford b hayes to reduce the role of federal troops in the south 136 immediately the redeemers began evicting the carpetbaggers and quickly regained local control of southern politics in the name of white supremacy 137 138 african americans ...
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