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sig announced the bluetooth smart logo so as to clarify compatibility between the new low energy devices and other bluetooth devices 7 bluetooth smart ready indicates a dual mode device compatible with both classic and low energy peripherals 8 bluetooth smart indicates a low energy only device which requires either a smart ready or another bluetooth smart device in order to function with the may 2016 bluetooth sig branding information the bluetooth sig began phasing out the bluetooth smart and bluetooth smart ready logos and word marks and reverted to using the bluetooth logo and word mark 9 along with a new blue color target market edit the bluetooth sig identifies a number of markets for low energy technology particularly in the smart home health sport and fitness sectors 10 cited advantages include low power requirements operating for months or years on a button cell small size and low cost compatibility with a large installed base of mobile phones tablets and computers history edit the now defunct wibree logo in 2001 researchers at nokia determined various scenarios that contemporary wireless technologies did not address 11 the company began developing a wireless technology adapted from the bluetooth standard which would provide lower power usage and cost while minimizing its differences from bluetooth technology the results were published in 2004 using the name bluetooth low end extension 12 after further development with partners in particular logitech and within the european project mimosa a and actively promoted and supported by stmicroelectronics since its early stage b the technology was released to the public in october 2006 with the brand name wibree 15 after negotiations with bluetooth sig members an agreement was reached in june 2007 to include wibree in a future bluetooth specification as a bluetooth ultra low power technology 16 17 the technology was marketed as bluetooth smart and integration into version 4 0 of the core specification was completed in early 2010 18 the first smartphone to implement the 4 0 specification was the iphone 4s released in october 2011 19 a number of other manufacturers released bluetooth low energy ready devices in 2012 the bluetooth sig officially unveiled bluetooth 5 on 16 june 2016 during a media event in london one change on the marketing side was that the point number was dropped so it is now just called bluetooth 5 and not bluetooth 5 0 or 5 0 le like for bluetooth 4 0 this decision was made to simplify marketing and communicate user benefits more effectively 20 on the technical side bluetooth 5 will quadruple the range by using increased transmit power or coded physical layer double the speed by using optional half of the symbol time compared to bluetooth 4 x and provide an eight fold increase in data broadcasting capacity by increasing the advertising data length clarification needed of low energy bluetooth transmissions compared to bluetooth 4 x which could be important for iot applications where nodes are connected throughout a whole house 21 an advertising packet in bluetooth parlance is the information that is exchanged between two devices before pairing i e when they are not connected for example advertising packets allow a device to display to the user the name of another bluetooth device before pairing with it 22 bluetooth 5 increased the data length of this advertising packet the length of this packet in bluetooth 4 x was 31 bytes for broadcast topology the bluetooth sig officially released mesh profile and mesh model specifications on 18 july 2017 mesh specification enables using bluetooth low energy for many to many device communications for home automation sensor networks and other applications where sensors robots smartphones and other equipment need to be coordinated 23 24 applications edit screenshot of webauthn hybrid transport with bluetooth low energy known as cloud assisted bluetooth low energy cable on chromium 25 borrowing from the original bluetooth specification the bluetooth sig defines several profiles specifications for how a device works in a particular application for low energy devices manufacturers are expected to implement the appropriate specifications for their device in order to ensure compatibility a device may contain implementations of multiple profiles the majority of current low energy application profiles are based on the generic attribute profile gatt a general specification for sending and receiving short pieces of data known as attributes over a low energy link 26 the bluetooth mesh profile is an exception to this rule being based on the general access profile gap 27 mesh profiles edit bluetooth mesh profiles use bluetooth low energy to communicate with other bluetooth low energy devices in the network each device can pass the information forward to other bluetooth low energy devices creating a mesh effect for example switching off an entire building of lights from a single smartphone 28 mesh mesh profile for base mesh networking mmdl mesh models for application layer definitions the term model is used in mesh specifications instead of profile to avoid ambiguities health care profiles edit there are many profiles for bluetooth low energy devices in healthcare applications the continua health alliance consortium promotes these in cooperation with the bluetooth sig blp blood pressure profile for blood pressure measurement htp health thermometer profile for medical temperature measurement devices glp glucose profile for blood glucose monitors cgmp continuous glucose monitor profile sports and fitness profiles edit profiles for sporting and fitness accessories include bcs body composition service cscp cycling speed and cadence profile for sensors attached to a bicycle or exercise bike to measure cadence and wheel speed cpp cycling power profile hrp heart rate profile for devices which measure heart rate lnp location and navigation profile rscp running speed and cadence profile wsp weight scale profile generic sensors edit esp environmental sensing profile uds user data service hid connectivity edit hogp hid over gatt profile allowing bluetooth le enabled wireless mice keyboards and other devices offering long lasting battery life proximity sensing edit main article bluetooth low energy beacon electronic leash applications are suited to the long battery life possible for always on devices 29 manufacturers of ibeacon devices implement the appropriate specifications for their device to make use of proximity sensing capabilities supported by apple s ios devices 30 relevant application profiles include fmp the find me profile allows one device to issue an alert on a second misplaced device 31 pxp the proximity profile allows a proximity monitor to detect whether a proximity reporter is within a close range physical proximity can be estimated using the radio receiver s rssi value although this does not have absolute calibration of distances typically an alarm may be sounded when the distance between the devices exceeds a set threshold an example of proximity sensing usage is webauthn hybrid transport with cloud assisted bluetooth low energy cable allowing roaming authenticators such as smartphones to authenticate with webauthn credential known as passkey bluetooth low energy is used as a proximity check between roaming authenticators and clients such as personal computers 25 alerts and time profiles edit the phone alert status profile and alert notification profile allow a client device to receive notifications such as incoming call alerts from another device the time profile allows current time and time zone information on a client device to be set from a server device such as between a wristwatch and a mobile phone s network time battery edit the battery service exposes the battery state and battery level of a single battery or set of batteries in a device audio edit announced in january 2020 le audio is built on top of bluetooth 5 2 5 3 it allows the bluetooth le protocol to carry audio with lower battery consumption compared to regular bluetooth audio 32 features like one set of headphones connecting to multiple audio sources or multiple headphones connecting to one source known as auracast 33 34 35 and support for hearing aids 36 it introduces lc3 as its default codec 32 the standard has a lower minimum latency claim of 20 30 ms vs bluetooth classic audio s 100 200 ms 37 specifications on the implementation of basic audio profile and coordinated set identification was released in 2021 38 39 40 41 and the common audio profile and service in march 2022 42 43 on 12 july 2022 the bluetooth sig announced the completion of bluetooth le audio 44 auracast edit main article auracast auracast implements public audio broadcasting services allowing multiple receivers to connect to a single audio transmitter without going through bluetooth device pairing first it is a trademark owned by the bluetooth sig auracast required device roles by device type 45 transmitter receiver assistant bap source sink assistant pbp cap initiator acceptor commander tmap sender receiver n a hap n a hearing aid n a auracast is based on the following bluetooth le profiles and services 45 basic audio profile bap 1 0 1 39 public broadcast profile pbp 1 0 46 common audio profile cap 1 0 42 telephony and media audio profile tmap 1 0 47 hearing access profile hap 1 0 48 broadcast audio scan service 1 0 49 published audio capabilities service 1 0 1 50 auracast transmitters use wireless advertisements to broadcast information about available streams such as transmitter name type of audio program title and language which can be displayed on the receiver and in the apps on smartphones and smartwatches or processed by the receiver to automatically connect to preferred sources 51 bluetooth le enabled smartphones function as an assistant to control auracast receivers like headphones and earbuds broadcast audio uri marketed as scan to listen provides information required to connect to the specific audio stream encoded with a qr code or transmitted using nfc this allows users to directly select a specific audio stream in applications such as audio guides in a museum simultaneous translations in multiple languages silent tv screens in a bar or community center public events or music performances at conference halls sports venues houses of worship station and service announcements in public transport and flight announcements in airports 52 midi edit developed by the midi manufacturers association mma working group now the midi association there is a formalized bluetooth le midi ble midi specification 53 a wireless protocol designed to transmit midi data over bluetooth low energy it focuses on power efficient wireless midi communication for devices such as midi controllers keyboards pedals etc that don t continuously stream data and without significant latency operating systems that support it include windows 10 version 1607 macos and android contact tracing and notification edit main articles digital contact tracing bluetooth proximity tracing contact tracing mobile phones and exposure notification in december 2020 the bluetooth sig released a draft specification for a wearable exposure notification service this service allows exposure notification services on wearable devices to communicate with and be controlled by client devices such as smartphones 54 implementation edit chip edit starting in late 2009 bluetooth low energy integrated circuits were announced by a number of manufacturers these ics commonly use software radio so updates to the specification can be accommodated through a firmware upgrade hardware edit current mobile devices are commonly released with hardware and software support for both classic bluetooth and bluetooth low energy operating systems edit ios 5 and later 55 windows phone 8 1 56 windows 8 and later 57 windows 7 and earlier requires drivers from bluetooth radio manufacturer supporting ble stack as it has no built in generic ble drivers 58 android 4 3 and later 59 android 6 or later requires location permission to connect to ble blackberry os 10 60 linux 3 4 and later through bluez 5 0 61 unison os 5 2 62 macos 10 10 zephyr os technical details edit radio interface edit bluetooth low energy technology operates in the same spectrum range the 2 400 2 4835 ghz ism band as classic bluetooth technology but uses a different set of channels instead of the classic bluetooth 79 1 mhz channels bluetooth low energy has 40 2 mhz channels within a channel data is transmitted using gaussian frequency shift modulation similar to classic bluetooth s basic rate scheme the bit rate is 1 mbit s with an option of 2 mbit s in bluetooth 5 and the maximum transmit power is 10 mw 100 mw in bluetooth 5 further details are given in volume 6 part a physical layer specification of the bluetooth core specification v4 0 bluetooth low energy uses frequency hopping to counteract narrowband interference problems classic bluetooth also uses frequency hopping but the details are different as a result while both fcc and etsi classify bluetooth technology as an fhss scheme bluetooth low energy is classified as a system using digital modulation techniques or a direct sequence spread spectrum 63 specification basic enhanced data rate low energy nominal max range 100 m 330 ft 100 m 330 ft over the air data rate clarification needed 1 3 mbit s 125 kbit s 500 kbit s 1 mbit s 2 mbit s application throughput or goodput 0 7 2 1 mbit s 0 27 1 37 mbit s 64 active slaves 7 not defined implementation dependent security 56 128 bit and application layer user defined 128 bit aes in ccm mode and application layer user defined robustness adaptive fast frequency hopping fec fast ack adaptive frequency hopping lazy acknowledgement 24 bit crc 32 bit message integrity check wake latency from a non connected state typically 100 ms 6 ms minimum total time to send data det battery life 0 625 ms 3 ms 65 voice capable yes yes 66 network topology scatternet scatternet power consumption 1 w as the reference 0 01 0 50 w depending on use case peak current consumption 30 ma 15 ma primary use cases mobile phones gaming headsets stereo audio streaming smart homes wearables automotive pcs security proximity healthcare sports fitness etc mobile phones gaming smart homes wearables automotive pcs security proximity healthcare sports fitness industrial etc more technical details may be obtained from official specification as published by the bluetooth sig note that power consumption is not part of the bluetooth specification advertising and discovery edit ble devices are detected through a procedure based on broadcasting advertising packets this is done using 3 separate channels frequencies in order to reduce interference the advertising device sends a packet on at least one of these three channels with a repetition period called the advertising interval for reducing the chance of multiple consecutive collisions a random...
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