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vernor brian schweitzer posthumously issued full pardons for all those convicted of violating the montana sedition act 68 the montanans who opposed u s entry into the war included immigrant groups of german and irish heritage as well as pacifist anabaptist people such as the hutterites and mennonites many of whom were also of germanic heritage in turn pro war groups formed such as the montana council of defense created by governor samuel v stewart and local loyalty committees 64 war sentiment was complicated by labor issues the anaconda copper company which was at its historic peak of copper production 69 was an extremely powerful force in montana but it also faced criticism and opposition from socialist newspapers and unions struggling to make gains for their members 70 in butte a multiethnic community with a significant european immigrant population labor unions particularly the newly formed metal mine workers union opposed the war on grounds it mostly profited large lumber and mining interests 64 in the wake of ramped up mine production and the speculator mine disaster in june 1917 64 industrial workers of the world organizer frank little arrived in butte to organize miners he gave some speeches with inflammatory antiwar rhetoric on august 1 1917 he was dragged from his boarding house by masked vigilantes and hanged from a railroad trestle considered a lynching 71 little s murder and the strikes that followed resulted in the national guard being sent to butte to restore order 64 overall anti german and antilabor sentiment increased and created a movement that led to the passage of the montana sedition act the following february 72 in addition the council of defense was made a state agency with the power to prosecute and punish individuals deemed in violation of the act the council also passed rules limiting public gatherings and prohibiting the speaking of german in public 64 in the wake of the legislative action in 1918 emotions rose u s attorney burton k wheeler and several district court judges who hesitated to prosecute or convict people brought up on charges were strongly criticized wheeler was brought before the council of defense though he avoided formal proceedings and a district court judge from forsyth was impeached burnings of german language books and several near hangings occurred the prohibition on speaking german remained in effect into the early 1920s complicating the wartime struggles the 1918 influenza epidemic claimed the lives of more than 5 000 montanans 64 the suppression of civil liberties that occurred led some historians to dub this period montana s agony 70 depression era an economic depression began in montana after world war i and lasted through the great depression until the beginning of world war ii in 1917 a decade long drought began straining farms in the state after the war the national military stopped buying food causing food prices and thus farmers incomes to fall dramatically 73 this caused great hardship for farmers ranchers and miners 74 75 montana and world war ii by the time the u s entered world war ii on december 8 1941 many montanans had enlisted in the military to escape the poor national economy of the previous decade another 40 000 plus montanans entered the armed forces in the first year following the declaration of war and more than 57 000 joined up before the war ended these numbers constituted about ten percent of the state s population and montana again contributed one of the highest numbers of soldiers per capita of any state many native americans were among those who served including soldiers from the crow nation who became code talkers at least 1 500 montanans died in the war 76 montana also was the training ground for the first special service force or devil s brigade a joint u s canadian commando style force that trained at fort william henry harrison for experience in mountainous and winter conditions before deployment 76 77 air bases were built in great falls lewistown cut bank and glasgow some of which were used as staging areas to prepare planes to be sent to allied forces in the soviet union during the war about 30 japanese fu go balloon bombs were documented to have landed in montana though no casualties nor major forest fires were attributed to them 76 in 1940 jeannette rankin was again elected to congress in 1941 as she had in 1917 she voted against the united states declaration of war after the japanese attack on pearl harbor hers was the only vote against the war and in the wake of public outcry over her vote rankin required police protection for a time other pacifists tended to be those from peace churches who generally opposed war many individuals claiming conscientious objector status from throughout the u s were sent to montana during the war as smokejumpers and for other forest fire fighting duties 76 in 1942 the u s army established camp rimini near helena for the purpose of training sled dogs in winter weather other military during world war ii the planned battleship uss montana was named in honor of the state but it was never completed montana is the only one of the first 48 states lacking a completed battleship being named for it alaska and hawaii have both had nuclear submarines named after them montana is the only state in the union without a modern naval ship named in its honor however in august 2007 senator jon tester asked that a submarine be christened uss montana 78 secretary of the navy ray mabus announced on september 3 2015 that virginia class attack submarine ssn 794 will become the second commissioned warship to bear the name 79 the submarine was commissioned on june 25 2022 80 it was stationed at joint base pearl harbor hickam in december 2024 cold war montana in the post world war ii cold war era montana became host to u s air force military air transport service 1947 for airlift training in c 54 skymasters and eventually in 1953 strategic air command air and missile forces were based at malmstrom air force base in great falls the base also hosted the 29th fighter interceptor squadron air defense command from 1953 to 1968 in december 1959 malmstrom afb was selected as the home of the new minuteman i intercontinental ballistic missile the first operational missiles were in place and ready in early 1962 in late 1962 missiles assigned to the 341st strategic missile wing played a major role in the cuban missile crisis when the soviets removed their missiles from cuba president john f kennedy said the soviets backed down because they knew he had an ace in the hole referring directly to the minuteman missiles in montana montana eventually became home to the largest icbm field in the u s covering 23 500 square miles 61 000 km 2 81 geography main article geography of montana see also regional designations of montana ecological systems of montana list of mountain ranges in montana and list of forests in montana map of montana montana is one of the eight mountain states located in the north of the western united states region it borders north dakota and south dakota to the east wyoming is to the south idaho is to the west and southwest and the canadian provinces of british columbia alberta and saskatchewan are to the north making it the only state to border three canadian provinces with an area of 147 040 square miles 380 800 km 2 82 montana is slightly larger than japan or germany it is the fourth largest state in the united states after alaska texas and california 83 and is the largest landlocked state 84 topography relief map of montana the state s topography is roughly defined by the continental divide which splits much of the state into distinct eastern and western regions 85 most of montana s hundred or more named mountain ranges are in the state s western half most of which is geologically and geographically part of the northern rocky mountains 85 86 the absaroka and beartooth ranges in the state s south central part are technically part of the central rocky mountains 87 the rocky mountain front is a significant feature in the state s north central portion 88 and isolated island ranges that interrupt the prairie landscape common in the central and eastern parts of the state 89 about 60 percent of the state is prairie part of the northern great plains 90 the bitterroot mountains one of the longest continuous ranges in the rocky mountain chain from alaska to mexico 91 along with smaller ranges including the coeur d alene mountains and the cabinet mountains divide the state from idaho the southern third of the bitterroot range blends into the continental divide 92 other major mountain ranges west of the divide include the cabinet mountains the anaconda range the missions the garnet range the sapphire mountains and the flint creek range 93 the divide s northern section where the mountains rapidly give way to prairie is part of the rocky mountain front 94 the front is most pronounced in the lewis range located primarily in glacier national park 95 due to the configuration of mountain ranges in glacier national park the northern divide which begins in alaska s seward peninsula 96 crosses this region and turns east in montana at triple divide peak 97 it causes the waterton river belly and saint mary rivers to flow north into alberta canada 98 there they join the saskatchewan river which ultimately empties into hudson bay 99 east of the divide several roughly parallel ranges cover the state s southern part including the gravelly range madison range gallatin range absaroka range and the beartooth mountains which contain the state s highest point granite peak 12 799 feet 3 901 m high 100 101 north of these ranges are the big belt mountains bridger mountains tobacco roots and several island ranges including the crazy mountains and little belt mountains 102 saint mary lake in glacier national park belly river in waterton lakes national park between many mountain ranges are several rich river valleys the big hole 103 bitterroot 104 gallatin 105 flathead 106 107 and paradise valleys 108 have extensive agricultural resources and multiple opportunities for tourism and recreation east and north of this transition zone are the expansive and sparsely populated northern plains with tableland prairies smaller island mountain ranges and badlands 109 the isolated island ranges east of the divide include the bear paw mountains 110 bull mountains 111 castle mountains 112 crazy mountains 113 highwood mountains 114 judith mountains 114 little belt mountains 112 little rocky mountains 114 the pryor mountains 113 little snowy mountains big snowy mountains 111 sweet grass hills 111 and in the state s southeastern corner near ekalaka the long pines 86 many of these isolated eastern ranges were created about 120 to 66 million years ago when magma welling up from the interior cracked and bowed the earth s surface here 115 the area east of the divide in the state s north central portion is known for the missouri breaks and other significant rock formations 116 three buttes south of great falls are major landmarks cascade crown square shaw and buttes 117 known as laccoliths they formed when igneous rock protruded through cracks in the sedimentary rock 117 the underlying surface consists of sandstone and shale 118 surface soils in the area are highly diverse and greatly affected by the local geology whether glaciated plain intermountain basin mountain foothills or tableland 119 foothill regions are often covered in weathered stone or broken slate or consist of uncovered bare rock usually igneous quartzite sandstone or shale 120 the soil of intermountain basins usually consists of clay gravel sand silt and volcanic ash much of it laid down by lakes which covered the region during the oligocene 33 to 23 million years ago 121 tablelands are often topped with argillite gravel and weathered quartzite occasionally underlain by shale 122 the glaciated plains are generally covered in clay gravel sand and silt left by the proglacial lake great falls or by moraines or gravel covered former lake basins left by the wisconsin glaciation 85 000 to 11 000 years ago 123 farther east areas such as makoshika state park near glendive and medicine rocks state park near ekalaka contain some of the most scenic badlands regions in the state 124 the hell creek formation in northeast montana is a major source of dinosaur fossils 125 paleontologist jack horner of the museum of the rockies in bozeman brought this formation to the world s attention with several major finds 126 rivers lakes and reservoirs see also list of rivers of montana and list of lakes in montana east face of mount gould above grinnell lake montana has thousands of named rivers and creeks 127 450 miles 720 km of which are known for blue ribbon trout fishing 128 129 montana s water resources provide for recreation hydropower crop and forage irrigation mining and water for human consumption montana is one of few geographic areas in the world whose rivers form parts of three major watersheds i e where two continental divides intersect its rivers feed the pacific ocean the gulf of mexico and hudson bay the watersheds divide at triple divide peak in glacier national park 130 if hudson bay is considered part of the arctic ocean triple divide peak is the only place on earth with drainage to three different oceans pacific ocean drainage basin missouri breaks region in central montana all waters in montana west of the divide flow into the columbia river the clark fork of the columbia not to be confused with the clarks fork of the yellowstone river rises near butte 131 and flows northwest to missoula where it is joined by the blackfoot river and bitterroot river 132 farther downstream it is joined by the flathead river before entering idaho near lake pend oreille 98 133 the pend oreille river forms the outflow of lake pend oreille the pend oreille river joined the columbia river which flows to the pacific ocean making the 579 mile 932 km long clark fork pend oreille considered a single river system the longest river in the rocky mountains 134 the clark fork discharges the greatest volume of water of any river exiting the state 135 the kootenai river in northwest montana is another major tributary of the columbia 136 gulf of mexico drainage basin east of the divide the missouri river which is formed by the confluence of the jefferson madison and gallatin rivers near three forks 137 flows due north through the west central part of the state to great falls 138 from this point it then flows generally east through fairly flat agricultural land and the missouri breaks to fort peck reservoir 139 the stretch of river between fort benton and the fred robinson bridge at the western boundary of fort peck reservoir was designated a national wild and scenic river in 1976 139 the missouri enters north dakota near fort union 140 having drained more than half the land area of montana 82 000 square miles 210 000 km 2 138 nearly 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