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ols move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia redirected from gui gui redirects here for other uses see gui disambiguation not to be confused with gui food a graphical user interface gui showing various elements radio buttons checkboxes and other elements the image shown uses the kde desktop environment a graphical user interface or gui a is a form of user interface that allows users to interact with electronic devices through graphical icons and visual indicators such as secondary notation in many applications guis are used instead of text based uis which are based on typed command labels or text navigation guis were introduced in reaction to the perceived steep learning curve of command line interfaces clis 4 5 6 which require commands to be typed on a computer keyboard the actions in a gui are usually performed through direct manipulation of the graphical elements 7 8 9 beyond computers guis are used in many handheld mobile devices such as mp3 players portable media players gaming devices smartphones and smaller household office and industrial controls the term gui tends not to be applied to other lower display resolution types of interfaces such as video games where heads up displays huds 10 are preferred or not including flat screens like volumetric displays 11 because the term is restricted to the scope of 2d display screens able to describe generic information in the tradition of the computer science research at the xerox palo alto research center gui and interaction design edit the gui is presented displayed on the computer screen it is the result of processed user input and usually the main interface for human machine interaction the touch uis popular on small mobile devices are an overlay of the visual output to the visual input designing the visual composition and temporal behavior of a gui is an important part of software application programming in the area of human computer interaction its goal is to enhance the efficiency and ease of use for the underlying logical design of a stored program a design discipline named usability methods of user centered design are used to ensure that the visual language introduced in the design is well tailored to the tasks the visible graphical interface features of an application are sometimes referred to as chrome or gui 12 13 14 typically users interact with information by manipulating visual widgets that allow for interactions appropriate to the kind of data they hold the widgets of a well designed interface are selected to support the actions necessary to achieve the goals of users a model view controller allows flexible structures in which the interface is independent of and indirectly linked to application functions so the gui can be customized easily this allows users to select or design a different skin or theme at will and eases the designer s work to change the interface as user needs evolve good gui design relates to users more and to system architecture less large widgets such as windows usually provide a frame or container for the main presentation content such as a web page email message or drawing smaller ones usually act as a user input tool a gui may be designed for the requirements of a vertical market as application specific guis examples include automated teller machines atm point of sale pos touchscreens at restaurants 15 self service checkouts used in a retail store airline self ticket and check in information kiosks in a public space like a train station or a museum and monitors or control screens in an embedded industrial application which employ a real time operating system rtos cell phones and handheld game systems also employ application specific touchscreen guis newer automobiles use guis in their navigation systems and multimedia centers or navigation multimedia center combinations examples edit sample graphical environments gnome shell kde plasma 6 mate windows on an example wayland compositor xfce enlightenment sugar a twm x window system environment the dwm tiling window manager cinnamon phosh components edit layers of a gui based on a windowing system main article list of graphical user interface elements further information wimp computing window manager and desktop environment a gui uses a combination of technologies and devices to provide a platform that users can interact with for the tasks of gathering and producing information a series of elements conforming a visual language have evolved to represent information stored in computers this makes it easier for people with few computer skills to work with and use computer software the most common combination of such elements in guis is the windows icons text fields canvases menus pointer wimp paradigm especially in personal computers 16 the wimp style of interaction uses a virtual input device to represent the position of a pointing device s interface most often a mouse and presents information organized in windows and represented with icons available commands are compiled together in menus and actions are performed making gestures with the pointing device a window manager facilitates the interactions between windows applications and the windowing system the windowing system handles hardware devices such as pointing devices graphics hardware and positioning of the pointer in personal computers all these elements are modeled through a desktop metaphor to produce a simulation called a desktop environment in which the display represents a desktop on which documents and folders of documents can be placed window managers and other software combine to simulate the desktop environment with varying degrees of realism entries may appear in a list to make space for text and details or in a grid for compactness and larger icons with little space underneath for text variations in between exist such as a list with multiple columns of items and a grid of items with rows of text extending sideways from the icon 17 multi row and multi column layouts commonly found on the web are shelf and waterfall the former is found on image search engines where images appear with a fixed height but variable length and is typically implemented with the css property and parameter display inline block a waterfall layout found on imgur and tweetdeck with fixed width but variable height per item is usually implemented by specifying column width post wimp interface edit main article post wimp smaller app mobile devices such as personal digital assistants pdas and smartphones typically use the wimp elements with different unifying metaphors due to constraints in space and available input devices applications for which wimp is not well suited may use newer interaction techniques collectively termed post wimp uis 18 as of 2011 some touchscreen based operating systems such as apple s ios iphone and android use the class of guis named post wimp these support styles of interaction using more than one finger in contact with a display which allows actions such as pinching and rotating which are unsupported by a single pointer and mouse 19 interaction edit human interface devices for the efficient interaction with a gui include a computer keyboard especially used together with keyboard shortcuts pointing devices for the cursor or rather pointer control mouse pointing stick touchpad trackball joystick virtual keyboards and head up displays translucent information devices at the eye level there are also actions performed by programs that affect the gui for example there are components like inotify or d bus to facilitate communication between computer programs history edit main article history of the graphical user interface early efforts edit ivan sutherland developed sketchpad in 1963 widely held as the first graphical computer aided design program it used a light pen to create and manipulate objects in engineering drawings in realtime with coordinated graphics in the late 1960s researchers at the stanford research institute led by douglas engelbart developed the on line system nls which used text based hyperlinks manipulated with a then new device the mouse a 1968 demonstration of nls became known as the mother of all demos in the 1970s engelbart s ideas were further refined and extended to graphics by researchers at xerox parc and specifically alan kay who went beyond text based hyperlinks and used a gui as the main interface for the smalltalk programming language which ran on the xerox alto computer released in 1973 most modern general purpose guis are derived from this system the xerox parc gui consisted of graphical elements such as windows menus radio buttons and check boxes the concept of icons was later introduced by david canfield smith who had written a thesis on the subject under the guidance of kay 20 21 22 the parc gui employs a pointing device along with a keyboard these aspects can be emphasized by using the alternative term and acronym for windows icons menus pointing device wimp this effort culminated in the 1973 xerox alto the first computer with a gui though the system never reached commercial production the first commercially available computer with a gui was the 1979 perq workstation manufactured by three rivers computer corporation its design was heavily influenced by the work at xerox parc in 1981 xerox eventually commercialized the ideas from the alto in the form of a new and enhanced system the xerox 8010 information system more commonly known as the xerox star 23 24 these early systems spurred many other gui efforts including lisp machines by symbolics and other manufacturers the apple lisa which presented the concept of menu bar and window controls in 1983 the apple macintosh 128k in 1984 and the atari st with digital research s gem and commodore amiga in 1985 visi on was released in 1983 for the ibm pc compatible computers but was never popular due to its high hardware demands 25 nevertheless it was a crucial influence on the contemporary development of microsoft windows 26 apple digital research ibm and microsoft used many of xerox s ideas to develop products and ibm s common user access specifications formed the basis of the guis used in microsoft windows ibm os 2 presentation manager and the unix motif toolkit and window manager these ideas evolved to create the interface found in current versions of microsoft windows and in various desktop environments for unix like operating systems such as macos and linux thus most current guis have largely common idioms an apple lisa 1983 demonstrating the lisa office system lisaos which featured apple computer s first commercially available gui popularization edit hp lx system manager running on a hp 200lx the early 1980s saw growing interest in guis the apple lisa was released in 1983 but was expensive and commercially unsuccessful individual applications for many platforms presented their own gui variants 27 despite the gui s advantages many reviewers questioned the value of the entire concept 28 citing hardware limits and problems in finding compatible software in 1984 apple introduced the macintosh via the 1984 television commercial during super bowl xviii 29 with allusions to george orwell s novel nineteen eighty four the goal of the commercial was to make people think about computers identifying the user friendly interface as a personal computer which departed from prior business oriented systems 30 and becoming a signature representation of apple products 31 the 1985 atari st shipped with the gem gui from digital research which was also published for ms dos the amiga 1000 was released the same year though not widely available until 1986 with the workbench graphical desktop this interface ran as a separate task meaning it was very responsive and unlike other guis of the time it did not freeze up when a program was busy windows 95 accompanied by an extensive marketing campaign 32 was a major success in the marketplace at launch and shortly became the most popular desktop operating system 33 in 2007 with the iphone 34 and later in 2010 with the introduction of the ipad 35 apple popularized the post wimp style of interaction for multi touch screens and those devices were considered to be milestones in the development of mobile devices 36 37 the guis familiar to most people as of the mid late 2010s are windows macos and the x window system interfaces for desktop and laptop computers and android apple s ios symbian blackberry os windows phone windows 10 mobile tizen webos and firefox os for handheld smartphone devices 38 39 comparison to other interfaces edit people said it s more of a right brain machine and all that i think there is some truth to that i think there is something to dealing in a graphical interface and a more kinetic interface you re really moving information around you re seeing it move as though it had substance and you don t see that on a pc the pc is very much of a conceptual machine you move information around the way you move formulas elements on either side of an equation i think there s a difference andrew fluegelman on the macintosh 1985 40 command line interfaces edit a modern command line interface cli since the commands available in command line interfaces can be many complex operations can be performed using a short sequence of words and symbols custom functions may be used to facilitate access to frequent actions command line interfaces are more lightweight as they only recall information necessary for a task for example no preview thumbnails or graphical rendering of web pages this allows greater efficiency and productivity once many commands are learned 4 but reaching this level takes some time because the command words may not be easily discoverable or mnemonic also using the command line can become slow and error prone when users must enter long commands comprising many parameters or several different filenames at once however windows icons menus pointer wimp interfaces present users with many widgets that represent and can trigger some of the system s available commands guis can be made quite hard when dialogs are buried deep in a system or moved about to different places during redesigns also icons and dialog boxes are usually harder for users to script wimps extensively use modes as the meaning of all keys and clicks on specific positions on the screen are redefined all the time command line interfaces use modes only in limited forms such as for current directory and environment variables most modern operating systems provide both a gui and some level of a cli although the guis usually receive more attention gui wrappers edit this section does not cite any sources please 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