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mmander in chief of the irish rebel forces and james connolly socialist and founder of the industrial workers of the world union and both the irish and scottish labour movements the rising and the executions and arrests together with the conscription crisis of 1918 had the effect of changing public opinion in ireland against the british government 40 in january 1919 after the december 1918 general election 73 of ireland s 105 members of parliament mps elected were sinn féin members who were elected on a platform of abstentionism from the british house of commons in january 1919 they set up an irish parliament called dáil éireann this first dáil issued a declaration of independence and proclaimed an irish republic the declaration was mainly a restatement of the 1916 proclamation with the additional provision that ireland was no longer a part of the united kingdom the irish republic s ministry of dáil éireann sent a delegation under ceann comhairle head of council or speaker of the dáil seán t o kelly to the paris peace conference of 1919 but it was not admitted leinster house dublin in 1922 a new parliament called the oireachtas was established of which dáil éireann became the lower house after the war of independence and truce called in july 1921 representatives of the british government and the five irish treaty delegates led by arthur griffith robert barton and michael collins negotiated the anglo irish treaty in london from 11 october to 6 december 1921 the irish delegates set up headquarters at hans place in knightsbridge and it was here in private discussions that the decision was taken on 5 december to recommend the treaty to dáil éireann on 7 january 1922 the second dáil ratified the treaty by 64 votes to 57 41 in accordance with the treaty on 6 december 1922 the entire island of ireland became a self governing dominion called the irish free state saorstát éireann under the constitution of the irish free state the parliament of northern ireland had the option to leave the irish free state one month later and return to the united kingdom during the intervening period the powers of the parliament of the irish free state and executive council of the irish free state did not extend to northern ireland northern ireland exercised its right under the treaty to leave the new dominion and rejoined the united kingdom on 8 december 1922 it did so by making an address to the king requesting that the powers of the parliament and government of the irish free state shall no longer extend to northern ireland 42 the irish free state was a constitutional monarchy sharing a monarch with the united kingdom and other dominions of the british commonwealth the country had a governor general representing the monarch a bicameral parliament a cabinet called the executive council and a prime minister called the president of the executive council irish civil war main article irish civil war éamon de valera irish political leader pictured outside ennis courthouse in 1917 he would later be involved in introducing the 1937 constitution of ireland the irish civil war june 1922 may 1923 was the consequence of the ratification of the anglo irish treaty and the creation of the irish free state 43 anti treaty forces led by éamon de valera objected to the fact that acceptance of the treaty abolished the irish republic of 1919 to which they had sworn loyalty arguing in the face of public support for the settlement that the people have no right to do wrong 44 they objected most to the fact that the state would remain part of the british empire and that members of the free state parliament would have to swear what the anti treaty side saw as an oath of fidelity to the british king pro treaty forces led by michael collins argued that the treaty gave not the ultimate freedom that all nations aspire to and develop but the freedom to achieve it 45 at the start of the war the irish republican army ira split into two opposing camps a pro treaty ira and an anti treaty ira the pro treaty ira disbanded and joined the new national army however because the anti treaty ira lacked an effective command structure and because of the pro treaty forces defensive tactics throughout the war michael collins and his pro treaty forces were able to build up an army with many tens of thousands of world war i veterans from the 1922 disbanded irish regiments of the british army capable of overwhelming the anti treatyists british supplies of artillery aircraft machine guns and ammunition boosted pro treaty forces and the threat of a return of crown forces to the free state removed any doubts about the necessity of enforcing the treaty lack of public support for the anti treaty forces often called the irregulars and the determination of the government to overcome the irregulars contributed significantly to their defeat citation needed constitution of ireland 1937 the constitution committee meeting at the shelbourne hotel dublin following a national plebiscite in july 1937 the new constitution of ireland bunreacht na héireann came into force on 29 december 1937 46 this replaced the constitution of the irish free state and declared that the name of the state is éire or ireland in the english language 47 while articles 2 and 3 of the constitution defined the national territory to be the whole island they also confined the state s jurisdiction to the area that had been the irish free state the former irish free state government had abolished the office of governor general in december 1936 although the constitution established the office of president of ireland the question over whether ireland was a republic remained open diplomats were accredited to the king but the president exercised all internal functions of a head of state 28 for instance the president gave assent to new laws with his own authority without reference to king george vi who was only an organ that was provided for by statute law ireland remained neutral during world war ii a period it described as the emergency 48 ireland s dominion status was terminated with the passage of the republic of ireland act 1948 which came into force on 18 april 1949 and declared that the state was a republic 49 50 at the time a declaration of a republic terminated commonwealth membership this rule was changed 10 days after ireland declared itself a republic with the london declaration of 28 april 1949 ireland did not reapply when the rules were altered to permit republics to join later the crown of ireland act 1542 was repealed in ireland by the statute law revision pre union irish statutes act 1962 51 recent history in 1973 ireland joined the european economic community along with the united kingdom and denmark the country signed the lisbon treaty in 2007 ireland became a member of the united nations in december 1955 after having been denied membership because of its neutral stance during the second world war and not supporting the allied cause 52 at the time joining the un involved a commitment to using force to deter aggression by one state against another if the un thought it was necessary 53 interest towards membership of the european communities ec developed in ireland during the 1950s with consideration also given to membership of the european free trade area as the united kingdom intended on ec membership ireland applied for membership in july 1961 due to the substantial economic linkages with the united kingdom the founding ec members remained sceptical regarding ireland s economic capacity neutrality and unattractive protectionist policy 54 many irish economists and politicians realised that economic policy reform was necessary the prospect of ec membership became doubtful in 1963 when french president general charles de gaulle stated that france opposed britain s accession thereby halting negotiations with other candidate countries in 1969 his successor georges pompidou was not opposed to british and irish membership negotiations began and in 1972 the treaty of accession was signed a referendum was held later that year which confirmed ireland s entry into the bloc and it finally joined the ec as a member state on 1 january 1973 55 the economic crisis of the late 1970s was fuelled by the fianna fáil government s budget the abolition of the car tax excessive borrowing and global economic instability including the 1979 oil crisis 56 there were significant policy changes from 1989 onwards with economic reform tax cuts welfare reform an increase in competition and a ban on borrowing to fund current spending this policy began in 1989 1992 by the fianna fáil progressive democrats government and continued by the subsequent fianna fáil labour government and fine gael labour democratic left government ireland became one of the world s fastest growing economies by the late 1990s in what was known as the celtic tiger period which lasted until the great recession since 2014 ireland has experienced increased economic activity 57 in the northern ireland question the british and irish governments started to seek a peaceful resolution to the violent conflict involving many paramilitaries and the british army in northern ireland known as the troubles a peace settlement for northern ireland known as the good friday agreement was approved in 1998 in referendums north and south of the border as part of the peace settlement the territorial claim to northern ireland in articles 2 and 3 of the constitution of ireland was removed by referendum in its white paper on brexit the united kingdom government reiterated its commitment to the good friday agreement with regard to northern ireland s status it said that the uk government s clearly stated preference is to retain northern ireland s current constitutional position as part of the uk but with strong links to ireland 58 geography main article geography of ireland the cliffs of moher on the atlantic coast macgillycuddy s reeks ireland s highest mountain range the state extends over an area of about five sixths 70 273 km 2 or 27 133 sq mi of the island of ireland 84 421 km 2 or 32 595 sq mi with northern ireland constituting the remainder the island is bounded to the north and west by the atlantic ocean and to the northeast by the north channel to the east the irish sea connects to the atlantic ocean via st george s channel and the celtic sea to the southwest the western landscape mostly consists of rugged cliffs hills and mountains the central lowlands are extensively covered with glacial deposits of clay and sand as well as significant areas of bogland and several lakes the highest point is carrauntoohil 1 038 6 m or 3 407 ft located in the macgillycuddy s reeks mountain range in the southwest river shannon which traverses the central lowlands is the longest river in ireland at 386 kilometres or 240 miles in length the west coast is more rugged than the east with numerous islands peninsulas headlands and bays ireland is one of the least forested countries in europe 59 until the end of the middle ages the land was heavily forested native species include deciduous trees such as oak ash hazel birch alder willow aspen elm rowan and hawthorn as well as evergreen trees such scots pine yew holly and strawberry trees 60 the growth of blanket bog and the extensive clearing of woodland for farming are believed to be the main causes of deforestation 61 today only about 10 of ireland is woodland 62 most of which is non native conifer plantations and only 2 of which is native woodland 63 64 the average woodland cover in european countries is over 33 62 according to coillte a state owned forestry business the country s climate gives ireland one of the fastest growth rates for forests in europe 65 hedgerows which are traditionally used to define land boundaries are an important substitute for woodland habitat providing refuge for native wild flora and a wide range of insect bird and mammal species 66 it is home to two terrestrial ecoregions celtic broadleaf forests and north atlantic moist mixed forests 67 agriculture accounts for about 64 of the total land area 68 this has resulted in limited land to preserve natural habitats in particular for larger wild mammals with greater territorial requirements 69 the long history of agricultural production coupled with modern agricultural methods such as pesticide and fertiliser use has placed pressure on biodiversity 70 climate main article climate of ireland wicklow mountains national park the atlantic ocean and the warming influence of the gulf stream affect weather patterns in ireland 71 temperatures differ regionally with central and eastern areas tending to be more extreme due to a temperate oceanic climate temperatures typically range from a winter minimum of 5 c 23 f to a summer maximum of 26 c 79 f 72 the highest temperature recorded in ireland was 33 3 c 91 9 f on 26 june 1887 at kilkenny castle in kilkenny while the lowest temperature recorded was 19 1 c 2 4 f at markree castle in sligo 73 rainfall is more prevalent during winter months and less so during the early months of summer southwestern areas experience the most rainfall as a result of south westerly winds while dublin receives the least sunshine duration is highest in the southeast of the country 71 the far north and west are two of the windiest regions in europe with great potential for wind energy generation 74 ireland normally gets between 1100 and 1600 hours of sunshine each year most areas averaging between 3 25 and 3 75 hours a day the sunniest months are may and june which average between 5 and 6 5 hours per day over most of the country the extreme southeast gets most sunshine averaging over 7 hours a day in early summer december is the dullest month with an average daily sunshine ranging from about 1 hour in the north to almost 2 hours in the extreme southeast the sunniest summer in the 100 years from 1881 to 1980 was 1887 according to measurements made at the phoenix park in dublin 1980 was the dullest 75 government and politics main articles politics of the republic of ireland and elections in the republic of ireland catherine connolly president micheál martin taoiseach ireland is a constitutional republic with a parliamentary system of government the oireachtas is the bicameral national parliament composed of the president of ireland and the two houses of the oireachtas dáil éireann house of representatives and seanad éireann senate 76 áras an uachtaráin is the official residence of the president of ireland while the houses of the oireachtas meet at leinster house in dublin the president serves as head of state is elected for a seven year term and may be re elected once restrictive nomination rules for presidential candidates resulted in 12 9 spoilt votes during the 2025 irish presidential election 77 the president is primarily a figurehead but is entrusted with certain constitutional powers with the advice of the council of state the office has absolute discretion in some areas such as ...
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