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ts سنڌي srpskohrvatski српскохрватски simple english slovenščina српски srpski svenska kiswahili தமிழ் тоҷикӣ ไทย tagalog toki pona türkçe ئۇيغۇرچە uyghurche українська اردو oʻzbekcha ўзбекча vèneto tiếng việt walon winaray 吴语 მარგალური vahcuengh zeêuws 文言 閩南語 bân lâm gí 粵語 中文 edit links article talk english read edit view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read edit view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects wikimedia commons wikivoyage wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide from wikipedia the free encyclopedia province in central china for other places with the same name see hunan disambiguation not to be confused with henan province in china hunan 湖南 province name transcription s chinese 湖南省 húnán shěng abbreviation hn 湘 xiāng wulingyuan yuelu academy tianmen mountain ifs tower mount langshan mount heng yueyang tower fenghuang town location of hunan in china interactive map of hunan country china named for 湖 hú lake 南 nán south south of the lake capital and largest city changsha divisions 14 prefectures 122 counties 1 933 townships 2018 29 224 villages 2018 government type province body hunan provincial people s congress party secretary shen xiaoming congress chairman shen xiaoming governor mao weiming provincial cppcc chairman mao wanchun national people s congress representation 118 deputies area 1 total 210 000 km 2 81 000 sq mi rank 10th highest elevation mount lingfeng 2 115 2 m 6 940 ft population 2020 2 total 66 444 864 rank 7th density 320 km 2 820 sq mi rank 13th demonym hunanese demographics ethnic composition han 90 tujia 4 miao 3 dong 1 yao 1 other peoples 1 languages and dialects xiang gan southwestern mandarin xiangnan tuhua waxiang hakka yue xong tujia mien gam gdp 2025 3 total cn 5 530 billion 10th us 790 billion per capita cn 84 583 14th us 11 900 iso 3166 code cn hn hdi 2023 0 790 4 15th high website hunan gov cn enghunan gov cn hunan hunan in chinese characters chinese 湖南 xiang fu lan 5 literal meaning south of the dongting lake transcriptions standard mandarin hanyu pinyin húnán bopomofo ㄏㄨˊ ㄋㄢˊ wade giles hu 2 nan 2 ipa xu ̌ na ̌ n ⓘ wu romanization wu 去 noe 平 xiang ipa fu lan 5 yue cantonese yale romanization wùh nàahm jyutping wu4 naam4 ipa wu nam southern min tâi lô ôo lâm hunan a is an inland province in central china located in the middle reaches of the yangtze watershed it borders the province level divisions of hubei to the north jiangxi to the east guangdong and guangxi to the south and guizhou and chongqing to the northwest its capital and largest city is changsha which abuts the xiang river hengyang zhuzhou and yueyang are among its most populous urban cities with a population of just over 66 million as of 2020 update residing in an area of approximately 210 000 km 2 81 000 sq mi it is china s 7th most populous province the third most populous among landlocked provinces after henan and sichuan the third most populous in south central china after guangdong and henan and the second most populous province in central china it is the largest province in south central china and the fourth largest landlocked province hunan s nominal gdp was us 790 billion cn 5 53 trillion as of 2025 appearing in the world s top 20 largest sub national economies with its gdp ppp being over us 1 62 trillion 6 7 hunan is the 10th largest provincial economy in china the fourth largest in south central china the third largest in central china and the fourth largest among landlocked provinces its nominal gdp per capita exceeded us 11 900 making it the third richest province in south central china after guangdong and hubei 6 as of 2020 hunan s nominal gdp reached 605 billion cn 4 18 trillion 8 9 exceeding that of poland with a gdp of us 596 billion and thailand with a gdp of us 501 billion the 22nd and 25th largest in the world respectively 10 the name hunan literally means south of the lake 11 the lake in question is dongting lake in the northeast of the province vehicle license plates from hunan are marked xiāng chinese 湘 after the xiang river which runs from south to north through hunan and forms part of the province s largest drainage system the area of hunan was under chinese rule as far back as 350 bc hunan was the birthplace of communist revolutionary mao zedong 12 who became the chairman of the chinese communist party and the founding father of the people s republic of china hunan today is home to some ethnic minorities including the tujia and miao along with the han chinese who make up a majority of the population varieties of chinese spoken include xiang gan and southwestern mandarin wulingyuan was inscribed as a unesco world heritage site in 1992 13 changsha the capital is in the eastern part of the province and is an important commercial manufacturing and transportation center 14 the busiest airports serve domestic and international flights for hunan including changsha huanghua international airport zhangjiajie hehua international airport and changde taohuayuan airport 15 hunan is the seat of the yuelu academy later hunan university one of the four major academies over the last 1 000 years in ancient china 16 as of 2023 hunan hosted 137 institutions of higher education ranking fifth among all province level divisions of china 17 and it houses five double first class universities of hunan defense technology central south hunan normal and xiangtan 18 as of 2024 two major cities in hunan changsha 23rd and xiangtan 199th ranked in the world s top 200 cities by scientific research outputs 19 history edit this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed february 2014 learn how and when to remove this message fenghuang a traditional town of hunan hunan s primeval forests were first occupied by the ancestors of the modern miao tujia dong and yao peoples the province entered written chinese history around 350 bc when it became part of the zhou dynasty after qin conquered the chu in 278 bc the region came under the control of qin and then the changsha kingdom during the han dynasty at this time and for hundreds of years thereafter the province was a magnet for settlement of han chinese from the north who displaced and assimilated the original indigenous inhabitants cleared forests and began farming rice in the valleys and plains 20 the agricultural colonization of the lowlands was carried out in part by the han people who managed river dikes to protect farmland from floods 21 to this day many of hunan s small villages are named after han families who settled there migration from the north was especially prevalent during the eastern jin dynasty sixteen kingdoms and the northern and southern dynasties periods when the north was mostly ruled by non han ethnic groups five barbarians and in perpetual disorder during the five dynasties and ten kingdoms period hunan was home to its own independent regime ma chu han migration from the north continued under subsequent dynasties with migrants fleeing from the invasions of the yuan dynasty mongols the red turban rebellions against the yuan dynasty first rose up in hunan in the 14th century hunan and hubei became a part of the province of huguang until the qing dynasty hunan province was created in 1664 from huguang and renamed in 1723 hunan was regarded by early travelers as the most conservative and virulently hostile to outsiders yet was struck by the keenness and stubborn deposition of the people prince gong the qing prince regent called the people of hunan turbulent and pugnacious during griffith john s arrival at hunan he was stoned by a mob and as early as the 18th century the jesuits in china regarded hunan as the most impenetrable part of china a place where persecution is most to be feared 22 hunan became an important communications center due to its position on the yangzi river it was an important centre of scholarly activity and confucian thought particularly in the yuelu academy in changsha it was also on the imperial highway between northern and southern china the land produced grain so abundantly that it fed many parts of china with its surpluses the population continued to climb until by the 19th century hunan became overcrowded and prone to peasant uprisings some of the uprisings such as the ten year miao rebellion of 1795 1806 were caused by ethnic tensions the taiping rebellion began in guangxi province in 1850 then spread into hunan and further eastward along the yangzi river valley a hunanese army xiang army under zeng guofan marched into nanjing to put down the uprising in 1864 invading japanese soldiers firing across the miluo river during the battle of changsha in world war ii in 1920 a famine raged throughout hunan and killed an estimated 2 million hunanese civilians 23 this sparked the autumn harvest uprising of 1927 it was led by hunanese native mao zedong and established a short lived hunan soviet in 1927 the communists maintained a guerrilla army in the mountains along the hunan jiangxi border until 1934 under pressure from the nationalist kuomintang kmt forces they began the long march to bases in shaanxi province after the communists departed the kmt fought the japanese in the second sino japanese war it defended changsha until it fell in 1944 japan launched operation ichi go a plan to control the railroad from wuchang to guangzhou yuehan railway hunan was relatively unscathed by the civil war that followed the japanese defeat in 1945 in 1949 the communists returned as the nationalists retreated southward as mao s home province hunan supported the cultural revolution of 1966 1976 citation needed but it was slower than most provinces to adopt the reforms deng xiaoping implemented in the years after mao s death in 1976 in addition to mao several other first generation communist leaders were from hunan chinese president liu shaoqi ccp secretaries general ren bishi and hu yaobang marshals peng dehuai he long and luo ronghuan wang zhen one of the eight elders xiang jingyu the first female member of the ccp s central committee senior general huang kecheng and veteran diplomat lin boqu a more recent leader from hunan is former chinese premier zhu rongji geography edit main article geography of hunan hunan is on the south bank of the yangtze river about halfway along its length situated between 108 47 114 16 east longitude and 24 37 30 08 north latitude hunan covers an area of 211 800 square kilometres 81 800 square miles making it the 10th largest provincial level division the east south and west sides of the province are surrounded by mountains and hills such as the wuling mountains to the northwest the xuefeng mountains to the west the nanling mountains to the south and the luoxiao mountains to the east mountains and hills occupy more than 80 of the province and plains less than 20 at 2 115 2 meters above sea level hunan s highest point is lingfeng 酃峰 24 25 26 the xiang the zi the yuan and the lishui rivers converge on the yangtze river at lake dongting in the north of hunan the center and northern parts are somewhat low and a u shaped basin open in the north and with lake dongting as its center most of hunan lies in the basins of four major tributaries of the yangtze river lake dongting is the largest lake in the province and the second largest freshwater lake of china the xiaoxiang area and lake dongting figure prominently in chinese poetry and paintings particularly during the song dynasty when they were associated with officials who had been unjustly dismissed 27 changsha which means long sands was an active ceramics district during the tang dynasty its tea bowls ewers and other products mass produced and shipped to china s coastal cities for export abroad an arab dhow dated to the 830s and today known as the belitung shipwreck was discovered off the small island of belitung indonesia with more than 60 000 pieces in its cargo citation needed the salvaged cargo is today housed in singapore hunan s climate is subtropical under the köppen climate classification it is classified as humid subtropical köppen cfa with short cool damp winters very hot and humid summers and plenty of rain january temperatures average 3 to 8 c 37 to 46 f while july temperatures average around 27 to 30 c 81 to 86 f average annual precipitation is 1 200 to 1 700 millimetres 47 to 67 in the furongian epoch in the cambrian period of geological time is named for hunan furong 芙蓉 means lotus in mandarin and refers to hunan which is known as the lotus state 28 administrative divisions edit main article list of administrative divisions of hunan see also list of cities in china hunan is divided into fourteen prefecture level divisions thirteen prefecture level cities and an autonomous prefecture administrative divisions of hunan changsha zhuzhou xiangtan hengyang shaoyang yueyang changde zhangjiajie yiyang chenzhou yongzhou huaihua loudi xiangxi aut prefecture division code 29 division area in km 2 30 population 2020 31 seat divisions 32 districts counties aut counties cl cities 430000 hunan province 210 000 00 66 444 864 changsha city 36 61 7 18 430100 changsha city 11 819 46 10 047 914 yuelu district 6 1 2 430200 zhuzhou city 11 262 20 3 902 738 tianyuan district 5 3 1 430300 xiangtan city 5 006 46 2 726 181 yuetang district 2 1 2 430400 hengyang city 15 302 78 6 645 243 zhengxiang district 5 5 2 430500 shaoyang city 20 829 63 6 563 520 daxiang district 3 6 1 2 430600 yueyang city 14 897 88 5 051 922 yueyanglou district 3 4 2 430700 changde city 18 177 18 5 279 102 wuling district 2 6 1 430800 zhangjiajie city 9 516 03 1 517 027 yongding district 2 2 430900 yiyang city 12 325 16 3 851 564 heshan district 2 3 1 431000 chenzhou city 19 317 33 4 667 134 beihu district 2 8 1 431100 yongzhou city 22 255 31 5 289 824 lengshuitan district 2 8 1 431200 huaihua city 27 562 72 4 587 594 hecheng district 1 5 5 1 431300 loudi city 8 107 61 3 826 996 louxing district 1 2 2 433100 xiangxi autonomous prefecture 15 462 30 2 488 105 jishou city 7 1 administrative divisions in chinese and varieties of romanizations english chinese pinyin xiang romanization hunan province 湖南省 húnán shěng fu12 nan12 sǝn2 changsha city 长沙市 chángshā shì c̣an2 sa11 ṣî32 zhuzhou city 株洲市 zhūzhōu shì ćy11 c̣ôu11 ṣî32 xiangtan city 湘潭市 xiāngtán shì ṣî32 hengyang city 衡阳市 héngyáng shì xǝn12 ian12 ṣî32 shaoyang city 邵阳市 shàoyáng shì ian12 ṣî32 yueyang city 岳阳市 yuèyáng shì io4 ian12 ṣî32 changde city 常德市 chángdé shì tô4 ṣî32 zhangjiajie city 张家界市 zhāngjiājiè shì ćia11 kai31 ṣî32 yiyang city 益阳市 yìyáng shì i4 ian12 ṣî32 chenzhou city 郴州市 chēnzhōu shì c̣ôu11 ṣî32 yongzhou city 永州市 yǒngzhōu shì yn2 c̣ôu11 ṣî32 huaihua city 怀化市 huáihuà shì fai12 fa31 ṣî32 loudi city 娄底市 lóudǐ shì ti2 ṣî32 xiangxi autonomous prefecture 湘西自治州...
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