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e protests remained at a steady rate for four months with about 10 000 participants in each major city with the exception of isfahan where protests were larger and tehran where they were smaller protesting every 40 days this amounted to a small minority of the more than 15 million adults in iran 136 against the wishes of khomeini shariatmadari called for 17 june mourning protests to be carried out as a one day stay 127 although tension remained the shah s policy appeared to have worked leading amuzegar to declare that the crisis is over a cia analysis in august concluded that iran is not in a revolutionary or even a pre revolutionary situation 137 these and later events in iran are frequently cited as one of the most consequential strategic surprises that the united states has experienced since the cia was established in 1947 138 as a sign of easing of government restrictions three prominent opposition leaders from the secular national front karim sanjabi shapour bakhtiar and dariush forouhar were allowed to pen an open letter to the shah demanding that he reign according to the constitution of iran 11 119 134 renewed protests august september appointment of jafar sharif emami as prime minister 11 august main article cabinet of jafar sharif emami 1978 by august the protests had kick ed into high gear 139 and the number of demonstrators mushroomed to hundreds of thousands 136 in an attempt to dampen inflation the amuzegar administration cut spending and reduced business however the cutbacks led to a sharp rise in layoffs particularly among young unskilled male workers living in the working class districts by summer 1978 the working class joined the street protests in massive numbers 132 in addition it was the islamic holy month of ramadan bringing a sense of increased religiosity 127 a series of escalating protests broke out in major cities and deadly riots broke out in isfahan where protesters fought for the release of ayatollah jalaluddin taheri 140 127 martial law was declared in the city on 11 august as symbols of western culture and government buildings were burned and a bus full of american workers was bombed 127 134 due to his failure to stop the protests prime minister amuzegar offered his resignation the shah increasingly felt that he was losing control of the situation and sought to regain it through complete appeasement 11 119 he decided to appoint jafar sharif emami to the post of prime minister himself a veteran prime minister emami was chosen due to his family ties to the clergy although he had a reputation of corruption during his previous premiership 18 19 under the shah s guidance sharif emami effectively began a policy of appeasing the opposition s demands before they even made them 19 the government abolished the rastakhiz party legalized all political parties and released political prisoners increased freedom of expression curtailed savak s authority and dismissed 34 of its commanders 134 closed down casinos and nightclubs and abolished the imperial calendar the government also began to prosecute corrupt government and royal family members sharif emami entered into negotiations with shariatmadari and national front leader karim sanjabi to help organize future elections 134 censorship was effectively terminated and the newspapers began reporting heavily on demonstrations often highly critically and negatively of the shah the majlis parliament also began issuing resolutions against the government 18 cinema rex fire 19 august main article cinema rex fire on 19 august in the southwestern city of abadan four arsonists barred the door of the cinema rex movie theatre and set it on fire in what would be the largest terrorist attack in history prior to the september 11 attacks in the us in 2001 141 422 people inside the theatre were burned to death khomeini immediately blamed the shah and savak for setting the fire and 11 119 142 due to the pervasive revolutionary atmosphere the public also blamed the shah for starting the fire despite the government s insistence that they were uninvolved tens of thousands of people took to the streets shouting burn the shah and the shah is the guilty one 130 after the revolution many claimed that islamist militants had started the fire 141 143 144 145 146 147 after the islamic republic government executed a police officer for the act a man claiming to be the lone surviving arsonist claimed he was responsible for starting the fire 148 after forcing the resignation of the presiding judges in an attempt to hamper the investigation the new government finally executed hossein talakhzadeh for setting the fire on the shah s orders despite his insistence that he did it on his own accord as an ultimate sacrifice for the revolutionary cause 143 148 declaration of martial law and the jaleh square massacre 8 september main article jaleh square massacre demonstration of 8 september 1978 the placard reads we want an islamic government led by imam khomeini demonstration of black friday 8 september 1978 the 4th of september marked eid al fitr the holiday celebrating the end of ramadan a permit for an open air prayer was granted in which 200 000 500 000 people attended 127 instead the clergy directed the crowd on a march through the center of tehran the shah reportedly watched from his helicopter unnerved and confused 127 a few days later even larger protests took place and for the first time protesters called for khomeini s return and the establishment of an islamic republic 127 at midnight on 8 september the shah declared martial law in tehran and 11 other major cities all street demonstrations were banned and a curfew was imposed tehran s martial law commander general gholam ali oveissi was known for his severity against opponents 11 18 19 118 119 132 141 however the shah made clear that once martial law was lifted he intended to resume liberalization he retained sharif emami s civilian government hoping protesters would avoid taking the streets 119 128 134 however 6 000 protesters took to the streets either in defiance or because they had missed hearing the declaration and faced off with soldiers at jaleh square 11 24 119 after warning shots failed to disperse the crowd troops fired directly into it killing 64 127 general oveissi claimed that 30 soldiers were killed by snipers in surrounding buildings 11 19 25 119 127 129 142 additional clashes throughout the day which would be called black friday by the opposition brought the opposition death toll to 89 18 132 4 214 reactions to black friday victims of black friday the deaths shocked the country and damaged any attempt at reconciliation between the shah and the opposition khomeini immediately declared that 4 000 innocent protesters were massacred by zionists both claims were fabricated the israelis had nothing to do with the deaths and the number killed was 88 not 4000 149 the claims were believed by many which gave khomeini a pretext to reject any further compromise with the government the shah was horrified by black friday and harshly criticized the events though this did little to sway public perception of him as being responsible for the shooting despite khomeini blaming the zionists 18 127 131 while martial law officially remained in effect the government decided not to break up any more demonstrations or strikes in effect martial law without there exactly being martial law according to sharif emami instead continuing to negotiate with protest leaders 134 consequently protests often took place without any serious intervention by soldiers 133 nationwide strikes september november oil strikes started in the fall of 1978 and led to a 4 8 million barrel drop of crude oil daily production which was about 7 of the world s supply prices rose from 13 dollars per barrel in 1979 to 34 dollars in 1980 150 while increased production from other countries like saudi arabia offset the decline in supply slightly there was still a 10 drop in available oil there were a variety of factors influencing the workers decision to strike the shah s regime had relaxed oppression in 1977 giving people more access to protest and organizing at the same time the economy had faltered after doing better in the early 1970s the strikes began when the workers at a refinery in tehran calling for higher wages and housing allowances were ignored by the government the shah s government responded by killing dozens of strikers in an event known as black friday 151 the following day strikes emerged in tehran abadan isfahan shiraz and kermanshah 152 this first wave of strikes was reported by savak to involve 11 000 workers the oil strikes of 1978 were imperative to the iranian revolution s success as they put extreme economic pressure on the shah s regime 151 oil revenues are a significant part of the government s income and regardless of the motivation behind those who strike oil strikes often threaten to destabilize iranian regimes 153 by late october a nationwide general strike was declared with workers in virtually all major industries walking off their jobs most damagingly in the oil industry and the print media 24 118 special strike committees were set up throughout major industries to organize and coordinate the activities 140 the shah did not attempt to crack down on strikers 134 instead granting them generous wage increases and allowing strikers who lived in government housing to remain in their homes 11 18 134 by early november many government officials demanded the shah use forceful measures to bring the strikers back to work 11 18 118 khomeini moves to france november seeking to break khomeini s contacts with the opposition the shah pressured the iraqi government to expel him from najaf khomeini left iraq instead moving to a house bought by iranian exiles in neauphle le château a village near paris france the shah wished that khomeini would be cut off from the mosques of najaf and the protest movement instead the plan backfired badly french telephone and postal connections superior to those of iraq let khomeini s supporters flood iran with tapes and recordings of his sermons 19 119 133 ayatollah khomeini in neauphle le château surrounded by journalists worse for the shah was that the western media especially the british broadcasting corporation bbc immediately put khomeini into the spotlight 19 154 khomeini rapidly became a household name in the west portraying himself as an eastern mystic who did not seek power but instead sought to free his people from oppression western media outlets usually critical of such claims became one of khomeini s most powerful tools 19 119 in addition the media coverage eroded the influence of other more moderate clergy such as ayatollah shariatmadari and ayatollah taleghani 127 134 133 the bbc itself later issued a statement admitting to having a critical disposition to the shah saying that its broadcasts helped to change the collective perception of the population 18 in november secular national front leader karim sanjabi flew to paris to meet khomeini there the two signed an agreement for a draft constitution that would be islamic and democratic it signaled the now official alliance between the clergy and the secular opposition 18 127 to help create a democratic façade khomeini placed westernized figures such as sadegh ghotbzadeh and ebrahim yazdi as the public spokesmen of the opposition and never spoke to the media of his intentions to create a theocracy 18 university of tehran protest 5 november street demonstrations continued at full force with little response from the military by late october government officials effectively ceded the university of tehran to student protesters 134 133 worse the opposition was increasingly armed firing at soldiers and attacking banks and government buildings in an attempt to destabilize the country 25 119 on 5 november demonstrations at university of tehran became deadly after a fight broke out with armed soldiers 140 24 133 within hours tehran broke out into a full scale riot block after block of western symbols such as movie theaters and department stores as well as government and police buildings were seized looted and burned the british embassy in tehran was partially burned and vandalized the american embassy nearly suffered the same fate the event became known to foreign observers as the day tehran burned 11 133 155 many rioters were young teenage boys often organized by the mosques in southern tehran and encouraged by their mullahs to attack and destroy western and secular symbols 24 133 155 the army and police confused about their orders and under pressure from the shah not to risk initiating violence effectively gave up and did not intervene 133 155 156 appointment of a military government 6 november main article military government of gholam reza azhari as the situation on the streets spiraled out of control many well known and reputable figures within the country began to approach the shah begging him to stop the chaos 18 25 119 133 on 6 november the shah dismissed sharif emami from the post of prime minister appointing a military government in its place 18 155 the shah chose general gholam reza azhari to be prime minister because of his mild mannered approach to the situation 11 119 155 the cabinet he would choose was a military cabinet in name only and consisted primarily of civilian leaders 155 the same day the shah made a speech on iranian television 18 19 156 he referred to himself as padeshah master king instead of the more grandiose shahanshah king of kings which he insisted on being called previously 134 in his speech he stated i have heard the voice of your revolution this revolution cannot but be supported by me the king of iran 134 157 he apologized for mistakes that were committed during his reign and promised to ensure that corruption would no longer exist 133 156 he stated he would begin to work with the opposition to bring democracy and would form a coalition government 11 133 156 in effect the shah intended to restrain the military government which he described as a temporary caretaker government from carrying out a full crackdown 134 the speech backfired when the revolutionaries sensed weakness from the shah and smelled blood 133 157 khomeini announced that there would be no reconciliation with the shah and called on all iranians to overthrow him 133 157 military authorities declared martial law in khuzestan province iran s main oil producing province and deployed troops to its oil facilities navy personnel were also used as strikebreakers in the oil industry 11 119 155 street marches declined and oil production began increasing once again nearly reaching pre revolutionary levels 119 155 in a symbolic blow to the opposition karim sanjabi who had visited khomeini in paris was arrested upon his return to iran 134 however the government still continued the policy of appeasement and negotiation 18 19 133 156 the shah ordered the arrest of 100 officials from his ...
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