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r sermon symbolism western society worship sabbath in christianity gregorian calendar christians glossary index outline christianity portal v t e matthew mark and luke are known as the synoptic gospels from the greek σύν syn together and ὄψις opsis view 88 89 90 because they are similar in content narrative arrangement language and paragraph structure and can readily be set side by side for synoptic comparison 88 89 91 scholars generally agree that it is impossible to find any direct literary relationship between the synoptic gospels and the gospel of john 92 many events such as jesus s baptism crucifixion and interactions with his apostles appear in the synoptic gospels but incidents such as the transfiguration and jesus s exorcising demons 93 do not appear in john which also differs on other matters such as the cleansing of the temple 94 the synoptics emphasize different aspects of jesus in mark jesus is the son of god whose mighty works demonstrate the presence of god s kingdom 69 he is portrayed as a tireless wonder worker and the servant of both god and humanity 95 this short gospel records relatively few of jesus s words or extended teachings 69 the gospel of matthew emphasizes that jesus is the fulfilment of god s will as revealed in the old testament and the lord of the church 96 he is presented as the son of david a king and the messiah 95 97 luke presents jesus as the divine human saviour who shows compassion to the needy 98 he is depicted as the friend of sinners and outcasts who came to seek and save the lost 95 this gospel includes well known parables such as the good samaritan and the prodigal son 98 the prologue to the gospel of john identifies jesus as an incarnation of the divine word logos 99 as the word jesus is described as eternally present with god active in all creation and the source of humanity s moral and spiritual nature 99 in this gospel jesus is portrayed as not only greater than any past human prophet but greater than any prophet could be he not only speaks god s word he is god s word 100 in the gospel of john jesus reveals his divine role publicly and is depicted as the bread of life the light of the world the true vine and more 95 the authors of the new testament generally showed little interest in establishing an absolute chronology of jesus s life or in synchronizing the episodes of his life with the secular history of the age 101 as stated in john 21 25 the gospels do not claim to provide an exhaustive list of the events of jesus s life 102 the accounts were primarily written as theological documents in the context of early christianity with timelines as a secondary consideration 103 the gospels devote about one third of their text to the last week of jesus s life in jerusalem referred to as the passion 104 they do not provide enough detail to satisfy the demands of modern historians regarding exact dates but it is possible to draw from them a general picture of jesus s life story 85 101 103 genealogy and nativity main articles genealogy of jesus and nativity of jesus jesus was jewish 12 born to mary the wife of joseph 105 the gospels of matthew and luke offer two different accounts of his genealogy matthew traces jesus s ancestry to abraham through david 106 107 while luke traces jesus s ancestry through adam to god 108 109 the lists are identical between abraham and david but differ markedly from that point onward matthew has 27 generations from david to joseph whereas luke has 42 with almost no overlap between the names on the two lists o 110 various theories have been put forward to explain why the two genealogies are so different p adoration of the shepherds by gerard van honthorst 1622 both matthew and luke describe jesus s birth particularly that he was born to a virgin named mary in bethlehem in fulfilment of prophecy luke s account emphasizes events before the birth of jesus and centres on mary while matthew s mostly covers events after the birth and centres on joseph 111 112 113 both accounts state that mary was engaged to a man named joseph who was descended from king david and was not jesus s biological father and both support the doctrine of the virgin birth of jesus according to which jesus was miraculously conceived by the holy spirit in mary s womb when she was still a virgin 114 115 116 at the same time there is evidence at least in the lukan acts of the apostles that jesus was thought to have had like many figures in antiquity a dual paternity since there it is stated that he descended from the seed or loins of david 117 by taking jesus as his own son joseph is understood to confer on him the necessary davidic descent 118 some scholars suggest that jesus had levite heritage from mary based on her blood relationship with elizabeth 119 the circumcision by giovanni bellini c 1500 the work depicts the circumcision of jesus in matthew joseph is troubled because mary his betrothed is pregnant 120 but in the first of joseph s four dreams an angel assures him not to be afraid to take mary as his wife because her child was conceived by the holy spirit 121 in matthew 2 1 12 wise men or magi from the east bring gifts to the young jesus as the king of the jews they find him in a house in bethlehem herod the great hears of jesus s birth and wanting him killed orders the killings of male infants in bethlehem and its surroundings however an angel warns joseph in his second dream and the family flees to egypt later returning and settling in nazareth 121 122 123 in luke 1 31 38 mary learns from the angel gabriel that she will conceive and bear a child called jesus through the action of the holy spirit 112 114 when mary is due to give birth she and joseph travel from nazareth to joseph s ancestral home in bethlehem to register in the census ordered by caesar augustus while there mary gives birth to jesus and as they have found no room in the inn she places the newborn in a manger 124 an angel announces the birth to a group of shepherds who go to bethlehem to see jesus and subsequently spread the news abroad 125 luke 2 21 recounts how joseph and mary have their baby circumcised on the eighth day after birth and name him jesus as gabriel had commanded mary 126 after the presentation of jesus at the temple joseph mary and jesus return to nazareth 112 114 early life family and profession main articles christ child and holy family see also return of the family of jesus to nazareth unknown years of jesus and brothers of jesus the finding of the saviour in the temple by william holman hunt 1860 jesus s childhood home is identified in the gospels of luke and matthew as nazareth a town in galilee in present day israel where he lived with his family although joseph appears in descriptions of jesus s childhood no mention is made of him thereafter 127 128 his other family members including his mother mary his four brothers james joses or joseph judas and simon and his unnamed sisters are mentioned in the gospels and other sources 129 jesus s maternal grandparents are named joachim and anne in the gospel of james 130 the gospel of luke records that mary was a relative of elizabeth the mother of john the baptist 131 some extra biblical contemporary sources consider jesus and john the baptist to be second cousins based on the belief that elizabeth was the daughter of sobe the sister of anne 132 133 134 the gospel of mark reports that at the beginning of his ministry jesus comes into conflict with his neighbours and family 135 jesus s mother and brothers come to get him 136 because people are saying that he is out of his mind 137 jesus responds that his followers are his true family in the gospel of john jesus and his mother attend a wedding at cana where he performs his first miracle at her request 138 later she is present at his crucifixion and he expresses concern for her well being 139 jesus is called a τέκτων tektōn in mark 6 3 a term traditionally understood as carpenter but which can also refer to makers of objects in various materials including builders 140 141 given the term s broad semantic range and the socio historical reality of a common nazarene τέκτων matthew k robinson a minister and academic prefers to translate τέκτων as builder craftsman 142 143 the gospels indicate that jesus could read paraphrase and debate scripture but this does not necessarily mean that he received formal scribal training 144 the gospel of luke reports two journeys of jesus and his parents in jerusalem during his childhood they come to the temple in jerusalem for the presentation of jesus as a baby in accordance with jewish law where a man named simeon prophesies about jesus and mary 145 when jesus at the age of twelve goes missing on a pilgrimage to jerusalem for passover his parents find him in the temple sitting among the teachers listening to them and asking questions and the people are amazed at his understanding and answers mary scolds jesus for going missing to which jesus replies that he must be in his father s house 146 baptism and temptation main articles baptism of jesus and temptation of christ the baptism of christ by john the baptist by almeida júnior 1895 the synoptic gospels describe jesus s baptism in the jordan river and the temptations he faced while spending forty days in the judaean desert as a preparation for his public ministry 147 in each of these accounts the accounts of jesus s baptism is preceded by information about john the baptist 148 149 150 they portray john preaching repentance for the forgiveness of sins encouraging the giving of alms to the poor 151 baptizing people in the region of the jordan river around perea and foretelling the arrival of someone more powerful than he 152 153 jesus and the devil depicted in the temptation of christ by ary scheffer 1854 in the gospel of mark john the baptist baptizes jesus and as jesus comes up out of the water he sees the holy spirit descending on him like a dove and a voice comes from heaven and declares him to be god s son 154 this is one of two events described in the gospels where a voice from heaven refers to jesus as son the other being the transfiguration 155 156 the spirit then drives him into the wilderness where he is tempted by satan 157 after john s arrest jesus begins his ministry in galilee 158 in the gospel of matthew when jesus comes to john to be baptized john protests saying i need to be baptized by you 159 jesus instructs him to proceed with the baptism to fulfil all righteousness 160 matthew then narrates three specific temptations that satan offers jesus in the wilderness 161 in the gospel of luke the holy spirit descends in bodily form like a dove after all the people have been baptized and while jesus is praying 162 later john implicitly acknowledges jesus by sending his followers to inquire about him 163 luke also describes three temptations experienced by jesus in the wilderness before he begins his ministry in galilee 164 the gospel of john does not narrate jesus s baptism and temptation 165 instead john the baptist testifies that he saw the spirit descend and remain on jesus 166 167 john publicly proclaims jesus as the lamb of god and some of john s followers become disciples of jesus 168 before john is imprisoned jesus leads his followers to baptize 169 and they baptize more people than john 170 public ministry main article ministry of jesus sermon on the mount by carl bloch 1877 depicts jesus s important discourse the synoptics depict two main geographical settings in jesus s ministry the first takes place in galilee north of judea where jesus conducts a largely successful ministry the second occurs in jerusalem where he is rejected and killed 171 often referred to as rabbi 171 jesus delivers his message orally 172 in these accounts he forbids those who recognize him as the messiah including people he heals and demons he is said to exorcise to speak about it see messianic secret 173 by contrast the gospel of john portrays jesus s ministry as taking place primarily in and around jerusalem rather than in galilee and his divine nature is more openly proclaimed and recognized 100 scholars commonly divide the ministry of jesus into several stages the galilean ministry begins when jesus returns to galilee from the judaean desert after resisting the temptations of satan he then preaches throughout galilee and in matthew 4 18 20 his first disciples who will later form the core of the early church encounter him and begin to follow him 150 174 this period includes the sermon on the mount one of jesus s major discourses 174 175 as well as the calming of the storm the feeding of the 5 000 walking on water and various other miracles and parables 176 it concludes with the confession of peter and the transfiguration 177 178 as jesus travels towards jerusalem during what is often called the perean ministry he returns to the region where he was baptized roughly a third of the way down from the sea of galilee along the jordan river 179 180 181 the final phase of his ministry in jerusalem begins with his triumphal entry into the city on palm sunday 182 in the synoptic gospels during that week jesus drives the money changers from the second temple and judas bargains to betray him this period culminates in the last supper and in the johannine account the farewell discourse 148 182 183 disciples and followers main articles apostles in the new testament and commissioning of the twelve apostles the exhortation to the apostles by james tissot portrays jesus talking to his twelve disciples near the beginning of his ministry jesus appoints twelve apostles in matthew and mark jesus calls his first four apostles who are fishermen and they are described as immediately leaving their nets to follow him 184 in john jesus s first two apostles are initially disciples of john the baptist the baptist sees jesus and calls him the lamb of god and the two hearing this begin to follow jesus 185 186 in addition to the twelve apostles the introduction of the sermon on the plain in luke identifies a much larger group of people as disciples 187 in luke 10 1 16 jesus sends 70 or 72 of his followers out in pairs to prepare towns for his prospective visits they are instructed to accept hospitality heal the sick and proclaim the kingdom of god 188 teachings and miracles main articles sermon on the mount parables of jesus and miracles of jesus see also sermon on the plain five discourses of matthew farewell discourse olivet discourse and bread of life discourse jesus and the rich young man by heinrich hofmann 1889 in the synoptics jesus teaches extensively often in parables 189 about the kingdom of god jesus also speaks of the son of man an apocalyptic figure who will come to gather the chosen 28 jesus calls people to repent of their sins and to devote themselves wholly to god 28 he instructs his followers to observe jewish law although he is perceived by some contemporaries as having broken the law himself for example in 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