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minister cardinal mazarin a believer in the divine right of kings louis xiv continued louis xiii s work of creating a centralized state governed from a capital louis xiv sought to eliminate the remnants of feudalism persisting in parts of france by compelling many members of the nobility to reside at his lavish palace of versailles in doing so he succeeded in pacifying the aristocracy many of whom had participated in the fronde rebellions during his minority he consolidated a system of absolute monarchy in france that endured until the french revolution louis xiv enforced uniformity of religion under the catholic church his revocation of the edict of nantes abolished the rights of the huguenot protestant minority and subjected them to a wave of dragonnades effectively forcing huguenots to emigrate or convert virtually destroying the french protestant community during louis long reign france emerged as the leading european power and regularly made war a conflict with spain marked his entire childhood while during his personal rule louis fought three major continental conflicts each against powerful foreign alliances the franco dutch war the nine years war and the war of the spanish succession in addition france contested shorter wars such as the war of devolution and the war of the reunions warfare defined louis s foreign policy impelled by his personal ambition for glory and power a mix of commerce revenge and pique 3 his wars strained france s resources to the utmost while in peacetime he concentrated on preparing for the next war he taught his diplomats that their job was to create tactical and strategic advantages for the french military 4 upon his death in 1715 louis xiv left his great grandson and successor louis xv a powerful but war weary kingdom in major debt after the war of the spanish succession that had raged on since 1701 some of his other notable achievements include the construction of the 240 km 150 mi canal du midi in southern france the patronage of artists the playwrights molière racine the man of letters boileau the composer and dancer lully the painter le brun and the landscape architect le nôtre all contributed to the apogee of french classicism described during his lifetime as the grand siècle or even the century of louis xiv and the founding of the french academy of sciences early years louis xiv as a young child by an unknown painter baptismal certificate 1638 louis xiv was born on 5 september 1638 in the château de saint germain en laye to louis xiii and anne of austria he was named louis dieudonné louis the god given 5 and bore the traditional title of french heirs apparent dauphin 6 at the time of his birth his parents had been married for 23 years his mother had experienced four stillbirths between 1619 and 1631 citation needed leading contemporaries thus regarded him as a divine gift and his birth a miracle 7 louis relationship with his mother was uncommonly affectionate for the time contemporaries and eyewitnesses claimed that the queen would spend all her time with louis 8 both were greatly interested in food and theatre citation needed this long lasting and loving relationship can be evidenced by excerpts in louis journal entries such as nature was responsible for the first knots which tied me to my mother but attachments formed later by shared qualities of the spirit are far more difficult to break than those formed merely by blood 9 it was his mother who gave louis his belief in the absolute and divine power of his monarchical rule 10 during his childhood he was taken care of by the governesses françoise de lansac and marie catherine de senecey citation needed in 1646 nicolas v de villeroy became the young king s tutor louis xiv became friends with villeroy s young children particularly françois de villeroy and divided his time between the palais royal and the nearby hotel de villeroy citation needed minority and the fronde this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed august 2017 learn how and when to remove this message louis xiv then dauphin of france in 1642 one year before his accession to the throne by philippe de champaigne accession further information franco spanish war 1635 1659 sensing imminent death in the spring of 1643 king louis xiii decided to put his affairs in order for his four year old son louis xiv not trusting the judgement of his spanish wife queen anne who would normally have become the sole regent of france the king decreed that a regency council would rule on his son s behalf with anne at its head 11 louis xiii died on 14 may 1643 on 18 may 12 queen anne had her husband s will annulled by the parlement of paris a judicial body of nobles and high ranking clergy 13 and she became sole regent she exiled her husband s ministers chavigny and bouthilier and appointed the count of brienne as her minister of foreign affairs 14 anne kept the direction of religious policy strongly in hand until her son s majority in 1661 citation needed she appointed cardinal mazarin as chief minister giving him the daily administration of policy she continued the policies of her late husband and cardinal richelieu despite their persecution of her in order to win absolute authority in france and victory abroad for her son anne protected mazarin by exiling her followers the duke of beaufort and marie de rohan who conspired against him in 1643 15 the best example of anne s loyalty to france was her treatment of one of richelieu s men the chancellor pierre séguier séguier had brusquely interrogated anne in 1637 like a common criminal as she recalled following the discovery that she was giving military secrets to her father in spain and anne was virtually under house arrest for years by keeping the effective séguier in his post anne sacrificed her own feelings for the interests of france and her son louis louis xiv in 1648 by pierre mignard i the queen sought a lasting peace between catholic nations but only after a french victory over her native spain she also gave a partial catholic orientation to french foreign policy this was felt by the netherlands france s protestant ally which negotiated a separate peace with spain in 1648 16 in 1648 anne and mazarin successfully negotiated the peace of westphalia which ended the thirty years war in which france had actively taken part to further its interests 17 its terms formally confirmed the extensive autonomy that the various states of the holy roman empire had enjoyed before the war it granted sweden seats on the imperial diet and territories controlling the mouths of the oder elbe and weser rivers 18 france however profited most from the settlement austria ruled by the habsburg emperor ferdinand iii ceded all habsburg lands and claims in alsace to france and acknowledged her de facto sovereignty over the three bishoprics of metz verdun and toul 19 moreover many petty german states sought french protection eager to emancipate themselves from habsburg domination this anticipated the formation of the 1658 league of the rhine which further diminished imperial power early acts as the thirty years war came to an end a civil war known as the fronde erupted in france it effectively checked france s ability to exploit the peace of westphalia anne and mazarin had largely pursued the policies of cardinal richelieu augmenting the crown s power at the expense of the nobility and the parlements anne was more concerned with internal policy than foreign affairs she was a very proud queen who insisted on the divine rights of the king of france 20 europe after the peace of westphalia in 1648 all this led her to advocate a forceful policy in all matters relating to the king s authority in a manner that was much more radical than the one proposed by mazarin the cardinal depended totally on anne s support and had to use all his influence on the queen to temper some of her radical actions anne imprisoned any aristocrat or member of parliament who challenged her will her main aim was to transfer to her son an absolute authority in the matters of finance and justice one of the leaders of the parlement of paris whom she had jailed died in prison 21 the frondeurs political heirs of the disaffected feudal aristocracy sought to protect their traditional feudal privileges from the increasingly centralized royal government furthermore they believed their traditional influence and authority was being usurped by the recently ennobled bureaucrats the noblesse de robe or nobility of the robe who administered the kingdom and on whom the monarchy increasingly began to rely this belief intensified the nobles resentment citation needed in 1648 anne and mazarin attempted to tax members of the parlement de paris the members refused to comply and ordered all of the king s earlier financial edicts burned buoyed by the victory of louis duke of enghien later known as le grand condé at the battle of lens mazarin on queen anne s insistence arrested certain members in a show of force 22 the most important arrest from anne s point of view concerned pierre broussel one of the most important leaders in the parliament of paris 1655 portrait of louis the victor of the fronde portrayed as the god jupiter people in france were complaining about the expansion of royal authority the high rate of taxation and the reduction of the authority of the parlement de paris and other regional representative entities paris erupted in rioting as a result and anne was forced under intense pressure to free broussel moreover on the night of 9 10 february 1651 when louis was twelve a mob of angry parisians broke into the royal palace and demanded to see their king led into the royal bed chamber they gazed upon louis who was feigning sleep were appeased and then quietly departed 23 the threat to the royal family prompted anne to flee paris with the king and his courtiers shortly thereafter the conclusion of the peace of westphalia allowed condé s army to return to aid louis and his court condé s family was close to anne at that time and he agreed to help her attempt to restore the king s authority 24 the queen s army headed by condé attacked the rebels in paris the rebels were under the political control of anne s old friend marie de rohan beaufort who had escaped from the prison where anne had incarcerated him five years before was the military leader in paris under the nominal control of conti after a few battles a political compromise was reached the peace of rueil was signed and the court returned to paris unfortunately for anne her partial victory depended on condé who wanted to control the queen and destroy mazarin s influence it was condé s sister who pushed him to turn against the queen after striking a deal with her old friend marie de rohan who was able to impose the nomination of charles de l aubespine marquess of châteauneuf as minister of justice anne arrested condé his brother armand de bourbon prince of conti and the husband of their sister anne genevieve de bourbon duchess of longueville this situation did not last long and mazarin s unpopularity led to the creation of a coalition headed mainly by marie de rohan and the duchess of longueville this aristocratic coalition was strong enough to liberate the princes exile mazarin and impose a condition of virtual house arrest on queen anne portrait by justus van egmont between the years 1649 1652 all these events were witnessed by louis and largely explained his later distrust of paris and the higher aristocracy 25 in one sense louis s childhood came to an end with the outbreak of the fronde it was not only that life became insecure and unpleasant a fate meted out to many children in all ages but that louis had to be taken into the confidence of his mother and mazarin on political and military matters of which he could have no deep understanding attribution needed 26 the family home became at times a near prison when paris had to be abandoned not in carefree outings to other chateaux but in humiliating flights attribution needed 26 the royal family was driven out of paris twice in this manner and at one point louis xiv and anne were held under virtual arrest in the royal palace in paris the fronde years planted in louis a hatred of paris and a consequent determination to move out of the ancient capital as soon as possible never to return 27 just as the first fronde the parliamentary fronde of 1648 1649 ended a second one the fronde of the princes of 1650 1653 began unlike that which preceded it tales of sordid intrigue and half hearted warfare characterized this second phase of upper class insurrection to the aristocracy this rebellion represented a protest for the reversal of their political demotion from vassals to courtiers it was headed by the highest ranking french nobles among them louis s uncle gaston duke of orléans and first cousin anne marie louise d orléans duchess of montpensier known as la grande mademoiselle princes of the blood such as condé his brother armand de bourbon prince of conti and their sister the duchess of longueville dukes of legitimised royal descent such as henri duke of longueville and françois duke of beaufort so called foreign princes such as frédéric maurice duke of bouillon his brother turenne the marshal of france and marie de rohan duchess of chevreuse and scions of france s oldest families such as françois de la rochefoucauld citation needed queen anne played the most important role in defeating the fronde because she wanted to transfer absolute authority to her son in addition most of the princes refused to deal with mazarin who went into exile for a number of years the frondeurs claimed to act on louis s behalf and in his real interest against his mother and mazarin queen anne had a very close relationship with the cardinal and many observers believed that mazarin became louis xiv s stepfather by a secret marriage to queen anne 28 however louis s coming of age and subsequent coronation deprived them of the frondeurs pretext for revolt the fronde thus gradually lost steam and ended in 1653 when mazarin returned triumphantly from exile from that time until his death mazarin was in charge of foreign and financial policy without the daily supervision of anne who was no longer regent 29 during this period louis fell in love with mazarin s niece marie mancini but anne and mazarin ended the king s infatuation by sending mancini away from court to be married in italy while mazarin might have been tempted for a short time to marry his niece to the king of france queen anne was absolutely against this she wanted to marry her son to the daughter of her brother philip iv of spain for both dynastic and political reasons mazarin soon supported the queen s position because he knew that her support for his power and his foreign policy depended on making peace with spain from a strong position and on the spanish m...
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