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haracter of the documents from his frequent repetition of the same doctrine or from his manner of speaking this infallibility with which the divine redeemer willed his church to be endowed in defining doctrine of faith and morals extends as far as the deposit of revelation extends which must be religiously guarded and faithfully expounded and this is the infallibility which the roman pontiff the head of the college of bishops enjoys in virtue of his office when as the supreme shepherd and teacher of all the faithful who confirms his brethren in their faith by a definitive act he proclaims a doctrine of faith or morals and therefore his definitions of themselves and not from the consent of the church are justly styled irreformable since they are pronounced with the assistance of the holy spirit promised to him in blessed peter and therefore they need no approval of others nor do they allow an appeal to any other judgment for then the roman pontiff is not pronouncing judgment as a private person but as the supreme teacher of the universal church in whom the charism of infallibility of the church itself is individually present he is expounding or defending a doctrine of catholic faith the infallibility promised to the church resides also in the body of bishops when that body exercises the supreme magisterium with the successor of peter to these definitions the assent of the church can never be wanting on account of the activity of that same holy spirit by which the whole flock of christ is preserved and progresses in unity of faith 194 in its decree on the catholic churches of the eastern rite the council also declared that the roman pontiff undertakes the pastoral governance of all the individual or particular churches which are in communion with him whether of the east or the west 195 on 11 october 2012 on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the opening of the second vatican council 60 prominent theologians including hans küng put out a declaration stating that the intention of vatican ii to balance authority in the church has not been realized many of the key insights of vatican ii have not at all or only partially been implemented a principal source of present day stagnation lies in misunderstanding and abuse affecting the exercise of authority in our church 196 politics and functions of the holy see this article is part of a series on vatican city history history of the papacy duchy of rome 554 751 donation of pepin 750s papal states 754 1870 annates congregation for borders fundamental statute for the secular government of the states of the church capture of rome 1870 savoyard era 1870 1929 prisoner in the vatican roman question law of guarantees lateran treaty 1929 vatican city 1929 present governorate of vatican city state vatican city during world war ii 2010 vatican employee sex scandal vatican leaks scandal 2012 history of the catholic church 1962 present roman historical institutes law acta apostolicae sedis canon law 1983 code of canon law code of canons of the eastern churches pastor bonus capital punishment in vatican city crime in vatican city fundamental law of vatican city state lateran treaty legal status of the holy see alperin v vatican bank doe v holy see lgbtq rights in vatican city temporal power of the holy see tribunal of vatican city state politics and government association of vatican lay workers college of cardinals camerlengo chamberlain dean corps of firefighters of the vatican city state corps of gendarmerie of vatican city court of appeals president alejandro arellano cedillo court of cassation president kevin joseph farrell fabric of saint peter foreign relations of the holy see papal apocrisiarius governorate of vatican city state president raffaella petrini military in vatican city swiss guard pontifical commission for vatican city state pontifical commission secretariat for communications holy see press office l osservatore romano newspaper l osservatore della domenica list of newspapers in vatican city va internet sites vatican information service vatican publishing house vatican radio vatican radio lawsuit vatican television center secretariat of state secretary pietro parolin tribunale president venerando marano vatican apostolic archive vical general papacy pope popemobile catholic church latin church holy see diocese of rome roman curia conclave papal elections universi dominici gregis recent conclaves 2005 2013 2025 papal household papal gentleman prefecture of the papal household foreign relations concordats legal status of the holy see lateran treaty multilateral foreign policy section for relations with states secretary for relations with states paul gallagher undersecretaries for relations with states mirosław stanisław wachowski list of diplomatic missions of the holy see apostolic nuncios vatican city and holy see passports visa requirements visa policy holy see and the united nations holy see italy relations holy see israel relations holy see palestine relations holy see united states relations economy administration of the patrimony of the apostolic see institute for the works of religion properties of the holy see prefecture for the economic affairs of the holy see secretariat for the economy supervisory and financial information authority telephone numbers in vatican city tourism in vatican city transport in vatican city vatican city heliport vatican railway vatican euro coins vatican lira symbols 00120 postal code coat of arms of vatican city flag list of papal flags papal tiara papal coronation pontifical anthem culture languages of vatican city music of vatican city sistine chapel choir papal concert to commemorate the shoah postage stamps and postal history of vatican city pontifical academy of sciences pontifical academy of social sciences public holidays in vatican city sport in vatican city the story of the vatican 1941 documentary vatican christmas tree vatican library vatican museums women in vatican city geography and buildings apostolic nunciature apostolic palace archbasilica of saint john lateran borgia apartments bramante staircase cappella giulia cappella paolina casina pio iv circus of nero cortile del belvedere domus sanctae marthae extant papal tombs fountains of st peter s square gardens of vatican city gregorian tower lateran palace leonine city mater ecclesiae monastery monument to the royal stuarts niccoline chapel old st peter s basilica palace of the holy office palazzi pontifici papal apartments passetto di borgo paul vi audience hall porta san pellegrino redemptoris mater chapel saint john s tower st peter s baldachin st peter s basilica st peter s square saint peter s tomb st stephen of the abyssinians sala regia san pellegrino in vaticano santa maria della pietà in camposanto dei teutonici santa maria maggiore sant anna dei palafrenieri santi martino e sebastiano degli svizzeri santo stefano degli ungheresi scala regia teutonic cemetery tomb of the julii vatican apostolic archive vatican grottoes vatican hill vatican necropolis vatican obelisk vatican observatory vatican pharmacy via della conciliazione vatican museums collection of modern and contemporary art raphael rooms redemptoris mater chapel restoration of the sistine chapel frescoes sistine chapel sistine chapel ceiling gallery of the sistine chapel ceiling the last judgment michelangelo vatican gallery of maps vatican historical museum index outline vatican city portal catholic church portal v t e residence and jurisdiction the pope s official seat is in the archbasilica of saint john lateran considered the cathedral of the diocese of rome the pope s official residence is the apostolic palace he also possesses a summer residence at castel gandolfo situated on the site of the ancient city of alba longa the names holy see and apostolic see are ecclesiastical terminology for the ordinary jurisdiction of the bishop of rome including the roman curia the pope s honours powers and privileges within the catholic church and the international community derive from his episcopate of rome in lineal succession from the saint peter one of the twelve apostles 197 consequently rome has traditionally occupied a central position in the catholic church although this is not necessarily so the pope derives his pontificate from being the bishop of rome but is not required to live there according to the latin formula ubi papa ibi curia wherever the pope resides is the central government of the church between 1309 and 1378 the popes lived in avignon france 198 a period often called the babylonian captivity in allusion to the biblical narrative of jews of the ancient kingdom of judah living as captives in babylonia salary and benefits as of 2024 the pope s salary was 30 000 per month 199 francis a jesuit refused to collect a salary and donated the money to the poor 199 the catholic church traditionally covers the costs of all the pope s meals housing apparel transport e g the popemobile security housekeeping and healthcare 199 the pope has free access to vatican medical services and a private pharmacy 199 if a pope retires the monthly pension as of 2024 was 2 500 per month 199 pastoral care of the diocese of rome main article diocese of rome although the pope is the diocesan bishop of rome he delegates most of the day to day work of leading the diocese to the cardinal vicar who assures direct episcopal oversight of the diocese s pastoral needs not in his own name but in that of the pope the most recent cardinal vicar was angelo de donatis who served from 2017 until 2024 the current cardinal vicar is baldassare reina this does not mean that popes ignore their diocesan responsibilities for example when pope john xxiii announced his intention to establish the second vatican council in 1959 his reflections dealt first with the state of the catholic church within rome before broadening his gaze to the entire world 200 political role main article politics of vatican city sovereign of the vatican city state coat of arms of vatican city incumbent pope leo xiv style his holiness residence apostolic palace first sovereign pope pius xi formation 11 february 1929 website vaticanstate va antichristus a woodcut by lucas cranach the elder of the pope using the temporal power to grant authority to a generously contributing ruler though the progressive christianization of the roman empire in the 4th century did not confer upon bishops civil authority within the state the gradual withdrawal of imperial authority during the 5th century left the pope the senior imperial civilian official in rome as bishops were increasingly directing civil affairs in other cities of the western empire this status as a secular and civil ruler was vividly displayed by pope leo i s confrontation with attila in 452 the first expansion of papal rule outside of rome came in 728 with the donation of sutri in 754 the frankish ruler pippin the younger gave the pope the land from his conquest of the lombards the pope may have utilized the forged donation of constantine to gain this land which formed the core of the papal states this document accepted as genuine until the 15th century states that constantine the great placed the entire western empire of rome under papal rule in 800 pope leo iii crowned the frankish ruler charlemagne as roman emperor a major step toward establishing what later became known as the holy roman empire from that date onward the popes claimed the prerogative to crown the emperor the right fell into disuse after the coronation of charles v in 1530 in 1804 pius vii was present at the coronation of napoleon i but did not actually perform the crowning as mentioned above the pope s sovereignty over the papal states ended in 1870 with their annexation by italy popes like alexander vi reputed to be an ambitious pope and julius ii a formidable general and statesman were not afraid to use power to achieve their own ends which included increasing the power of the papacy this political and temporal authority was demonstrated through the papal role in the holy roman empire especially prominent during periods of contention with the emperors such as during the pontificates of pope gregory vii and pope alexander iii papal bulls interdict and excommunication or the threat thereof have been used many times to exercise papal power the bull laudabiliter in 1155 authorized king henry ii of england to invade ireland in 1207 innocent iii placed england under interdict until king john made his kingdom a fiefdom to the pope complete with yearly tribute saying we offer and freely yield to our lord pope innocent iii and his catholic successors the whole kingdom of england and the whole kingdom of ireland with all their rights and appurtenences for the remission of our sins 201 the bull inter caetera in 1493 led to the treaty of tordesillas in 1494 which divided the world into areas of spanish and portuguese rule the bull regnans in excelsis in 1570 excommunicated queen elizabeth i of england and declared that all her subjects were released from allegiance to her the bull inter gravissimas in 1582 established the gregorian calendar 202 in recent decades although the papacy has become less directly involved in politics popes have nevertheless retained significant political influence they have also served as mediators with the support of the catholic establishment 203 204 john paul ii a native of poland was regarded as influential in the fall of communism in eastern europe 205 he also mediated the beagle conflict between argentina and chile two predominantly catholic countries 206 in the 21st century francis played a role in brokering the 2015 improvement in relations between the united states and cuba 207 208 international position main article list of diplomatic missions of the holy see pope pius vii bishop of rome seated and cardinal giovanni battista caprara under international law a serving head of state has sovereign immunity from the jurisdiction of the courts of other countries though not from that of international tribunals 209 210 this immunity is sometimes loosely referred to as diplomatic immunity which is strictly speaking the immunity enjoyed by the diplomatic representatives of a head of state international law treats the holy see essentially the central government of the catholic church as the juridical equal of a state it is distinct from the state of vatican city existing for many centuries before the foundation of the latter it is common for publications and news media to use the vatican vatican city and even rome as metonyms for the holy see most countries of the world maintain the same form of diplomatic relations with the holy see that they entertain with other states even countries without those diplomatic relations participate in international organizations of which the holy see is a full member it is as head of the state equivalent worldwide religious jurisdiction of the holy see not of the territory of vatican city that...
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