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poilt votes during the 2025 irish presidential election 77 the president is primarily a figurehead but is entrusted with certain constitutional powers with the advice of the council of state the office has absolute discretion in some areas such as referring a bill to the supreme court for a judgment on its constitutionality 78 catherine connolly became the tenth president of ireland on 11 november 2025 79 the taoiseach prime minister serves as the head of government and is appointed by the president upon the nomination of the dáil most taoisigh have served as the leader of the political party that gains the most seats in national elections it has become customary for coalitions to form a government as there has not been a single party government since 1989 80 the dáil has 174 members teachtaí dála elected to represent multi seat constituencies under the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote the seanad is composed of sixty members with eleven nominated by the taoiseach six elected by two university constituencies and 43 elected by public representatives from panels of candidates established on a vocational basis the government is constitutionally limited to fifteen members no more than two members can be selected from the seanad and the taoiseach tánaiste deputy prime minister and minister for finance must be members of the dáil the dáil must be dissolved within five years of its first meeting following the previous election 81 and a general election for members of the dáil must take place no later than thirty days after the dissolution in accordance with the constitution of ireland parliamentary elections must be held at least every seven years though a lower limit may be set by statute law the current government is a coalition of fianna fáil fine gael and some independents with micheál martin of fianna fáil as taoiseach and simon harris of fine gael as tánaiste opposition parties in the current dáil are sinn féin the labour party people before profit solidarity social democrats aontú the green party as well as a number of independents ireland has been a member state of the european union since 1973 citizens of the united kingdom can freely enter the country without a passport due to the common travel area which is a passport free zone comprising the islands of ireland great britain the isle of man and the channel islands however some identification is required at airports and seaports the regimes of the world index classified ireland as a liberal democracy in year 2024 82 corruption in the republic of ireland includes clientelism and pork barrel politics 83 local government main article local government in the republic of ireland government buildings dublin dáil éireann lower house chamber the local government ireland act 1898 was the founding statute of the present system of local government while the twentieth amendment to the constitution of 1999 provided for its constitutional recognition the twenty six traditional counties of ireland are the basis of the local government areas with the traditional counties of cork dublin and galway containing two or more local government areas the local government act 2001 as amended by the local government reform act 2014 84 provides for a system of thirty one local authorities twenty six county councils two city and county councils and three city councils 84 counties with the exception of the three counties in dublin are divided into municipal districts a second local government tier of town councils was abolished in 2014 fingal dublin city dún laoghaire rathdown south dublin wicklow wexford carlow kildare meath louth monaghan cavan longford westmeath offaly laois kilkenny waterford cork city cork kerry limerick tipperary clare galway galway city mayo roscommon sligo leitrim donegal local authorities are responsible for matters such as planning local roads sanitation and libraries the breaching of county boundaries should be avoided as far as practicable in drawing dáil constituencies counties with greater populations have multiple constituencies some of more than one county but generally do not cross county boundaries the counties are grouped into three regions each with a regional assembly composed of members delegated by the various county and city councils in the region the regions do not have any direct administrative role as such but they serve for planning coordination and statistical purposes law main articles law of the republic of ireland courts of the republic of ireland and law enforcement in the republic of ireland the four courts completed in 1802 is the principal building for civil courts ireland has a common law legal system with a written constitution that provides for a parliamentary democracy the court system consists of the supreme court the court of appeal the high court the circuit court and the district court all of which apply the irish law and hear both civil and criminal matters trials for serious offences must usually be held before a jury the high court court of appeal and the supreme court have authority by means of judicial review to determine the compatibility of laws and activities of other institutions of the state with the constitution and the law except in exceptional circumstances court hearings must occur in public 85 86 the criminal courts of justice is the principal building for criminal courts the garda síochána lit guardians of the peace more commonly referred to as the gardaí is the state s civilian police force the force is responsible for all aspects of civil policing both in terms of territory and infrastructure it is headed by the garda commissioner who is appointed by the government most uniformed members do not routinely carry firearms standard policing is traditionally carried out by uniformed officers equipped only with a baton and pepper spray 87 the military police is the corps of the irish army responsible for the provision of policing service personnel and providing a military police presence to forces while on exercise and deployment in wartime additional tasks include the provision of a traffic control organisation to allow rapid movement of military formations to their mission areas other wartime roles include control of prisoners of war and refugees 88 ireland s citizenship laws relate to the island of ireland including islands and seas thereby extending them to northern ireland which is part of the united kingdom therefore anyone born in northern ireland who meets the requirements for being an irish citizen such as birth on the island of ireland to an irish or british citizen parent or a parent who is entitled to live in northern ireland or the republic without restriction on their residency 89 may exercise an entitlement to irish citizenship such as an irish passport 90 in 2024 ireland was second only to iceland in the list of the world s most peaceful countries 13 foreign relations main article foreign relations of ireland see also ireland nato relations taoiseach micheál martin and us president donald trump at the white house washington d c in march 2025 foreign relations are substantially influenced by membership of the european union although bilateral relations with the united kingdom and united states are also important 91 it held the presidency of the council of the european union on six occasions most recently from january to june 2013 92 ireland tends towards independence in foreign policy thus the country is not a member of nato and has a longstanding policy of military neutrality this policy has led to the irish defence forces contributing to peace keeping missions with the united nations since 1960 including during the congo crisis and subsequently in cyprus lebanon and bosnia and herzegovina 93 despite irish neutrality during world war ii ireland had more than 50 000 participants in the war through enlistment in the british armed forces during the cold war irish military policy while ostensibly neutral was biased towards nato 94 during the cuban missile crisis seán lemass authorised the search of cuban and czechoslovak aircraft passing through shannon and passed the information to the cia 95 ireland s air facilities were used by the united states military for the delivery of military personnel involved in the 2003 invasion of iraq through shannon airport the airport had previously been used for the united states invasion of afghanistan in 2001 as well as the first gulf war 96 since 1999 ireland has been a member of nato s partnership for peace pfp program and nato s euro atlantic partnership council eapc which is aimed at creating trust between nato and other states in europe and the former soviet union 97 98 military main article defence forces ireland see also irish neutrality irish army soldiers as part of kosovo force 2010 ireland is a neutral country 99 and has triple lock rules governing the participation of irish troops in conflict zones whereby approval must be given by the un the dáil and government 100 accordingly its military role is limited to national self defence and participation in united nations peacekeeping the irish defence forces óglaigh na héireann are made up of the army naval service air corps and reserve defence force it is small but well equipped with almost 10 000 full time military personnel and over 2 000 in reserve 101 102 daily deployments of the defence forces cover aid to civil power operations protection and patrol of irish territorial waters and eez by the irish naval service and un eu and pfp peace keeping missions by 1996 over 40 000 irish service personnel had served in international un peacekeeping missions 103 the irish air corps is the air component of the defence forces and operates sixteen fixed wing aircraft and eight helicopters the irish naval service is ireland s navy and operates six patrol ships and smaller numbers of inflatable boats and training vessels and has armed boarding parties capable of seizing a ship and a special unit of frogmen the military includes the reserve defence forces army reserve and naval service reserve for part time reservists ireland s special forces include the army ranger wing which trains and operates with international special operations units the president is the formal supreme commander of the defence forces but in practice these forces answer to the government via the minister for defence 104 in 2017 ireland signed the united nations treaty on the prohibition of nuclear weapons 105 economy main article economy of the republic of ireland ireland is an open economy and ranks first for high value foreign direct investment fdi flows 106 ireland ranks 5th of 187 imf and 6th of 175 world bank in gdp per capita as well as ranking in the top ten for gni per capita an alternative metric known as modified gross national income gni was created by the central statistics office and is used by the irish government to give a view of activity in the domestic economy after stripping out large multinational export movements which can often relate to intangible assets 107 this is particularly relevant in ireland s economy as gdp disproportionately includes income from non irish owned companies which often flows out of ireland 108 foreign multinationals are the main driver of ireland s economy employing a quarter of the private sector workforce 109 and paying 80 of irish corporate taxes 110 111 112 14 of ireland s top 20 firms by 2017 turnover are us based multinationals 113 and 80 of foreign multinationals in ireland are from the us 114 115 113 ireland is part of the eu dark blue purple and eurozone dark blue ireland adopted the euro currency in 2002 along with eleven other eu member states 70 116 following the great recession and the bursting of the irish property bubble the country officially exited recession in 2010 driven by a growth in exports from us multinationals in ireland 117 however due to a rise in the cost of public borrowing due to government guarantees of private banking debt the irish government accepted an 85 billion programme of assistance from the eu international monetary fund imf and bilateral loans from the united kingdom sweden and denmark 118 following three years of contraction the economy grew by 0 7 in 2011 and 0 9 in 2012 119 the median equivalised disposable income was 31 392 ppp per year in 2021 120 the unemployment rate was 14 7 in 2012 including 18 5 among recent immigrants 121 in march 2016 the unemployment rate was reported by the cso to be 8 6 down from a peak unemployment rate of 15 1 in february 2012 122 in addition to unemployment net emigration from ireland between 2008 and 2013 totalled 120 100 123 or some 2 6 of the total population according to the census of ireland 2011 one third of the emigrants were aged between 15 and 24 123 by november 2022 unemployment had fallen back to 4 4 124 needs update ireland exited its eu imf bailout programme on 15 december 2013 125 having implemented budget cuts reforms and sold assets ireland was again able to access debt markets since then ireland has been able to sell long term bonds at record rates 126 however the stabilisation of the irish credit bubble required a large transfer of debt from the private sector balance sheet highest oecd leverage to the public sector balance sheet almost unleveraged pre crisis via irish bank bailouts and public deficit spending 127 128 the transfer of this debt means that ireland in 2017 still has one of the highest levels of both public sector indebtedness and private sector indebtedness in the eu 28 oecd 129 130 131 132 133 134 ireland became one of the main destinations for us pharmaceutical corporate tax inversions from 2009 to 2016 135 136 the country has also become the largest foreign location for large us technology multinationals i e apple google microsoft facebook which delivered a gdp growth rate of 26 3 and gnp growth rate of 18 7 in 2015 this growth was subsequently shown to be due to apple restructuring its double irish subsidiary apple sales international currently under threat of a 13bn eu illegal state aid fine for preferential tax treatment taxation policy the transformation of ireland s tax policy started with the creation of a 10 low tax special economic zone called the international financial services centre ifsc in 1987 137 in 2003 the ifsc was expanded nationwide with the reduction of irish corporation tax from 32 to 12 5 138 139 this accelerated the later stages of ireland s transition from a predominantly agricultural economy into a knowledge and service economy focused on attracting mainly us multinationals from high tech life sciences and financial services industries seeking to avail of ireland s low corporation tax rates and favourable corporate tax system the multinational tax planning schemes corporations use in ireland have materially affected irish economic statistics this reached a climax with what paul krugman termed leprechaun economics with double di...
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