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loaded onto a ship in the german colony of togoland 1885 during world war i togoland was invaded by britain and france proclaiming the anglo french condominium during the west african campaign following the allied invasion of the colony in august 1914 german forces were defeated forcing the colony s surrender on 26 august 1914 on 7 december 1916 the condominium collapsed and togoland was subsequently partitioned into british and french zones creating the colonies of british togoland and french togoland 31 on 20 july 1922 great britain received the league of nations mandate to govern the western part of togo and france to govern the eastern part in 1945 the country received the right to send three representatives to the french parliament after world war ii these mandates became un trust territories french togoland became an autonomous republic within the french union in 1956 while france retained the right to control defence foreign relations and finances 32 the residents of british togoland voted to join the gold coast as part of the independent nation of ghana in 1957 independence edit the togolese republic was proclaimed on 27 april 1960 33 in the togolese general election 1961 sylvanus olympio became the first president gaining 100 per cent of the vote in elections boycotted by the opposition on 9 april 1961 the constitution of the togolese republic was adopted according to which the supreme legislative body was the national assembly of togo 34 in december 1961 leaders of opposition parties were arrested because they were accused of the preparation of an anti government conspiracy a decree was issued on the dissolution of the opposition parties olympio tried to reduce dependence on france by establishing cooperation with the united states united kingdom and west germany he rejected the efforts of french soldiers who were demobilised after the algerian war and tried to get a position in the togolese army these factors eventually led to a military coup on 13 january 1963 during which he was assassinated by a group of soldiers under the direction of sergeant gnassingbé eyadéma 35 a state of emergency was declared in togo the military handed over power to an interim government led by nicolas grunitzky in may 1963 grunitzky was elected president of the republic the new leadership pursued a policy of developing relations with france his main aim was to dampen the divisions between north and south promulgate a new constitution and introduce a multiparty system on 13 january 1967 eyadéma overthrew grunitzky in a bloodless coup and assumed the presidency 36 37 he created the rally of the togolese people party banned activities of other political parties and introduced a one party system in november 1969 he was reelected in 1979 and 1986 in 1983 the privatisation programme launched and in 1991 other political parties were allowed in 1993 the european union froze the partnership describing eyadéma s re election in 1993 1998 and 2003 as a seizure of power in april 2004 in brussels talks were held between the eu and togo on the resumption of cooperation the 2017 18 togolese protests against the 50 year rule of the gnassingbé family eyadéma gnassingbé died on saturday 5 february 2005 38 the military s installation of his son faure gnassingbé 36 as president provoked international condemnation except from france some democratically elected african leaders such as abdoulaye wade of senegal and olusegun obasanjo of nigeria supported the move creating a rift within the african union 39 gnassingbé left power and held elections which he won two months later 40 the opposition declared that the election results were fraudulent the events of 2005 led to questions regarding the government s commitment to democracy that had been made in an attempt to normalise relations with the eu which cut off aid in 1993 due to questions about togo s human rights situation up to 400 people were killed in the violence surrounding the presidential elections according to the un around 40 000 togolese fled to neighbouring countries gnassingbé was reelected in 2010 and 2015 in 2017 anti government protests erupted un condemned the resulting crackdown by security forces and the gambia s foreign minister ousainou darboe had to issue a correction after saying that gnassingbé should resign 41 in the february 2020 presidential elections gnassingbé won his fourth presidential term in office as the president of togo 42 according to the official result he won with a margin of around 72 of the vote share this enabled him to defeat his closest challenger former prime minister agbeyome kodjo who had 18 43 on 4 may 2020 bitala madjoulba the commander of a togolese military battalion was found dead in his office one day after gnassingbé was sworn in for his fourth term an investigation was opened for this case resulting in major general kadangha abalo felix being prosecuted and tried for involvement in madjoulba s assassination and conspiracy against the internal security of the state 44 45 joining the commonwealth edit togo joined the commonwealth in june 2022 46 47 prior to its admission at the 2022 commonwealth heads of government meeting foreign minister robert dussey said that he expected commonwealth membership to provide new export markets funding for development projects and opportunities for togolese citizens to learn english and access new educational and cultural resources 48 government edit main article politics of togo this section needs more citations please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources unsourced material may be challenged and removed november 2025 learn how and when to remove this message sylvanus olympio the first president of togo from 1960 to 1963 gnassingbé eyadéma the third and longest serving president from 1967 until his death in 2005 the president is indirectly elected for a double term of four years and is the commander in chief of the armed forces and has the right to initiate legislation and dissolve parliament executive power is exercised by the council of ministers and its president which is the head of government and is also a position that was formerly known as the prime minister the president appoints the president of the council of ministers president gnassingbé eyadéma who until 1993 ruled togo under a one party system died of a heart attack on 5 february 2005 under the togolese constitution the president of the parliament fambaré ouattara natchaba should have become president of the country pending a presidential election to be called within 60 days natchaba was out of the country returning on an air france plane from paris 49 the togolese army known as forces armées togolaises fat or togolese armed forces closed the nation s borders forcing the plane to land in benin with an engineered power vacuum the parliament voted to remove the constitutional clause that would have required an election within 60 days and declared that eyadema s son faure gnassingbé would inherit the presidency and hold office for the rest of his father s term 49 faure was sworn in on 7 february 2005 with international criticism of the succession 50 the african union described the takeover as a military coup d état 51 international pressure also came from the united nations within togo opposition to the takeover culminated in riots in which between 400 and 500 people died 52 there were uprisings in cities and towns mainly in the southern part of the country in the town of aného reports of a general civilian uprising followed by a massacre by government troops in response gnassingbé agreed to hold elections and on 25 february gnassingbé resigned as president and afterward accepted the nomination to run for the office in april 53 on 24 april 2005 gnassingbé was elected president of togo receiving over 60 of the vote according to official results his main rival in the race had been emmanuel bob akitani from the union des forces du changement ufc electoral fraud was suspected due to a lack of independent domestic or foreign oversight 54 parliament designated deputy president bonfoh abbass as interim president until the inauguration 53 on 3 may 2005 gnassingbé was sworn in as the new president and the european union suspended aid to togo in support of the opposition claims unlike the african union and the united states which declared the vote reasonably fair the nigerian president and chair of au olusẹgun ọbasanjọ sought to negotiate between the incumbent government and the opposition to establish a coalition government and rejected an au commission appointment of former zambian president kenneth kaunda as special au envoy to togo 55 56 in june gnassingbé named opposition leader edem kodjo as the prime minister in october 2007 after postponements elections were held under proportional representation this allowed the less populated north to seat as many mps as the more populated south 57 the president backed party rally of the togolese people rpt won a majority with ufc coming second and the other parties claiming inconsequential representation vote rigging accusations were levelled at rpt supported by the civil and military security apparatus with the presence of an eu observer mission cancelled ballots and illegal voting took place the majority of which in rpt strongholds on 3 december 2007 komlan mally of rpt was appointed to prime minister succeeding agboyibor on 5 september 2008 mally resigned as prime minister of togo faure gnassingbé chairman of the council of ministers of togo at the 2026 sco summit in bishkek kyrgyzstan 1 september 2026 gnassingbé won re election in the march 2010 presidential election taking 61 of the vote against jean pierre fabre from ufc who had been backed by an opposition coalition called frac republican front for change 58 electoral observers noted procedural errors and technical problems and the opposition did not recognise the results claiming irregularities had affected the outcome 59 60 periodic protests against faure gnassingbé followed the election 61 in may 2010 opposition leader gilchrist olympio announced that he would enter into a power sharing deal with the government a coalition arrangement which provides ufc with eight ministerial posts 62 63 in june 2012 electoral reforms prompted protesters to take to the street in lomé for days protesters sought a return to the 1992 constitution that would re establish presidential term limits 64 july 2012 saw the resignation of the prime minister gilbert houngbo 65 days later the commerce minister kwesi ahoomey zunu was named to lead the new government in the same month the home of opposition leader jean pierre fabre was raided by security forces and thousands of protesters again rallied publicly against the government crackdown 66 in april 2015 gnassingbé was re elected for a third term 67 in february 2020 gnassingbé was again re elected for his fourth presidential term the opposition had accusations of fraud and irregularities 68 the gnassingbé family has ruled togo since 1967 making it africa s longest lasting dynasty 69 2024 constitutional reform edit in march 2024 gnassingbé presented a new constitution one of the constitutional changes in the new constitution has togo go from being under a presidential system to being under a parliamentary system as well as weakening the power of the president it becoming a mostly ceremonial role strengthening the power of parliament and strengthening the power of the prime minister and renaming the office president of the council of ministers french président du conseil des ministres the term of the new office will be six years renewable indefinitely whereas the term of the president is lowered to four from the previous five renewable once in april 2024 the togolese parliament voted in favour of the new constitution and the new constitution was officially adopted on 6 may 2024 70 the reform officially came into effect on 3 may 2025 where the first indirect election of the country was held jean lucien savi de tové was unanimously elected as the new president while gnassingbé became the president of the council of ministers 71 aged nearly 86 savi de tové is the oldest ever president in history 72 better source needed administrative divisions edit main articles regions of togo and prefectures of togo map of togo featuring the country s five regions and their capitals togo is divided into 5 regions which are subdivided in turn into 39 prefectures from north to south the regions are savanes kara centrale plateaux and maritime foreign relations edit main article foreign relations of togo while togo s foreign policy is nonaligned it has historical and cultural ties with western europe especially france and germany togo recognises the people s republic of china north korea and cuba it re established relations with israel in 1987 togo pursues an active foreign policy and participates in international organisations it is particularly active in west african regional affairs and in the african union in 2017 togo signed the un treaty on the prohibition of nuclear weapons 73 togo joined the commonwealth of nations along with gabon at the 2022 commonwealth heads of government meeting in kigali rwanda 46 in joining the commonwealth foreign minister robert dussey told reuters the country sought to expand its diplomatic political and economic network and to forge closer ties with the anglophone world 48 military edit main article togolese armed forces fat forces armées togolaises togolese armed forces consists of the army navy air force and gendarmerie total military expenditures during the fiscal year of 2005 totalled 1 6 of the country s gdp 2 military bases exist in lomé temedja kara niamtougou and dapaong 74 the current chief of the general staff is brigadier general titikpina atcha mohamed who took office on 19 may 2009 75 the air force is equipped with alpha jets 76 human rights edit main article human rights in togo togo was labelled not free by freedom house from 1972 to 1998 and from 2002 to 2006 and has been categorised as partly free from 1999 to 2001 and from 2007 according to a u s state department report based on conditions in 2010 human rights problems include security force use of excessive force including torture which resulted in deaths and injuries official impunity harsh and life threatening prison conditions arbitrary arrests and detention lengthy pretrial detention executive influence over the judiciary infringement of citizens privacy rights restrictions on freedoms of press assembly and movement official corruption discrimination and violence against women child abuse including female genital mutilation fgm and sexual exploitation of children regional and ethnic discrimination trafficking in persons especially women and children societal discrimination against persons with disabilities official and societal discrimination against homosexual persons societal discrimination against persons with hiv and...
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