Meta tags:

Headings (most frequently used words):

and, senate, officers, elections, term, united, states, contents, history, functions, membership, majority, minority, parties, procedure, office, buildings, criticism, see, also, notes, references, bibliography, external, links, legislation, appointment, confirmations, treaty, ratification, impeachment, trials, election, of, the, vice, president, qualifications, oath, salary, benefits, seniority, titles, expulsion, other, disciplinary, actions, seating, presiding, officer, party, leaders, non, member, daily, sessions, committees, counter, arguments, official, histories, vacancies, debate, filibuster, cloture, voting, closed, session,

Text of the page (most frequently used words):
the (1097), senate (339), and (307), #states (167), united (115), for (114), from (112), that (80), are (79), congress (78), senators (74), retrieved (71), archived (64), original (62), president (60), senator (60), house (55), may (54), party (53), not (52), with (50), majority (50), january (49), members (49), constitution (48), has (47), congressional (43), state (43), who (41), office (40), election (39), was (35), other (35), list (35), have (35), this (34), their (34), filibuster (33), vote (33), federal (32), needed (31), american (30), new (30), two (30), each (30), when (29), they (29), 2023 (28), committee (28), national (27), history (27), vice (27), article (27), november (27), which (27), chamber (26), rules (26), one (26), february (25), law (25), officer (25), presiding (25), 2020 (24), its (24), years (24), citation (24), bill (23), been (23), december (23), bills (23), since (23), executive (22), amendment (22), government (21), representatives (21), time (21), war (21), 2021 (21), votes (21), also (21), democratic (20), elections (20), only (20), 2025 (19), washington (19), consent (19), press (19), minority (19), articles (18), service (18), political (18), general (18), capitol (18), 2009 (18), power (18), quarterly (18), more (18), were (18), parties (17), elected (17), but (17), leader (17), most (17), september (16), all (16), legislative (16), legislatures (16), member (16), committees (16), session (16), cloture (16), caucus (16), pdf (16), appointments (16), than (16), must (16), under (15), 2026 (15), 2022 (15), procedure (15), leaders (15), term (15), nation (15), see (15), some (15), three (15), march (14), system (14), special (14), democracy (14), standing (14), sessions (14), how (14), over (14), practice (14), seats (14), same (14), wikipedia (13), terms (13), present (13), 2010 (13), building (13), floor (13), seniority (13), closed (13), voting (13), officials (13), after (13), usually (13), required (13), april (12), health (12), public (12), powers (12), john (12), 2018 (12), first (12), gov (12), appointment (12), quorum (12), does (12), provides (12), however (12), legislation (12), those (12), such (12), upper (11), 1789 (11), library (11), rights (11), act (11), court (11), pro (11), tempore (11), york (11), call (11), process (11), impeachment (11), chair (11), representation (11), seventeenth (11), july (11), until (11), any (11), main (11), day (11), officers (11), about (10), 2019 (10), south (10), third (10), recess (10), primary (10), august (10), robert (10), equal (10), popular (10), daniel (10), october (10), shall (10), make (10), population (10), during (10), both (10), there (10), debate (10), toggle (9), policy (9), non (9), page (9), june (9), 2024 (9), republican (9), foreign (9), electoral (9), independent (9), alaska (9), civil (9), world (9), 2016 (9), rule (9), university (9), vol (9), democrats (9), isbn (9), smaller (9), can (9), held (9), oath (9), them (9), before (9), support (9), thirds (9), had (9), used (9), called (9), motion (9), last (8), number (8), legislature (8), wayback (8), houses (8), control (8), politics (8), class (8), budget (8), district (8), council (8), chief (8), supreme (8), governor (8), current (8), 2017 (8), 2006 (8), 2002 (8), johnson (8), booker (8), hold (8), journal (8), advice (8), wilson (8), information (8), 978 (8), america (8), constitutional (8), his (8), desks (8), times (8), what (8), like (8), while (8), least (8), generally (8), pass (8), agreements (8), use (7), links (7), pages (7), authority (7), related (7), security (7), income (7), secretary (7), century (7), 2014 (7), 2013 (7), 2012 (7), 2004 (7), virginia (7), north (7), official (7), madison (7), unanimous (7), salaries (7), seat (7), speeches (7), following (7), woodrow (7), ritchie (7), nominees (7), being (7), machine (7), end (7), elects (7), trials (7), example (7), structure (7), revenue (7), section (7), six (7), these (7), larger (7), considered (7), result (7), cases (7), subject (7), requires (7), salary (7), retirement (7), treaties (7), subsection (7), text (6), research (6), open (6), people (6), care (6), media (6), city (6), courts (6), secret (6), cabinet (6), age (6), ratification (6), treaty (6), resolution (6), 2011 (6), 1999 (6), massachusetts (6), maine (6), california (6), king (6), hill (6), old (6), historical (6), offices (6), conference (6), clause (6), breaking (6), reconciliation (6), business (6), trial (6), serve (6), appointed (6), 1993 (6), reform (6), donald (6), richard (6), based (6), further (6), less (6), james (6), levitsky (6), steven (6), ziblatt (6), why (6), review (6), chairs (6), institution (6), long (6), body (6), many (6), temporary (6), vacancies (6), 1913 (6), judiciary (6), nomination (6), requirement (6), wirls (6), between (6), include (6), against (6), block (6), even (6), including (6), into (6), order (6), request (6), holds (6), without (6), five (6), another (6), next (6), elect (6), appoint (6), year (6), candidates (6), qualifications (6), contents (5), view (5), commons (5), english (5), short (5), different (5), republic (5), islands (5), movement (5), native (5), women (5), transportation (5), presidency (5), clerk (5), justices (5), police (5), force (5), great (5), 1991 (5), era (5), lee (5), 2008 (5), 2005 (5), 2001 (5), 1998 (5), dakota (5), chuck (5), buildings (5), presidential (5), hall (5), set (5), directory (5), employees (5), roll (5), divided (5), joint (5), tie (5), expulsion (5), historically (5), former (5), works (5), series (5), 1995 (5), every (5), among (5), republicans (5), become (5), within (5), would (5), place (5), desk (5), candidate (5), ballot (5), trump (5), will (5), typically (5), uses (5), provide (5), regardless (5), where (5), receives (5), nine (5), several (5), small (5), rarely (5), known (5), unless (5), fifths (5), simple (5), calls (5), name (5), either (5), take (5), sometimes (5), speak (5), senior (5), presides (5), functions (5), fers (5), top (5), approval (5), languages (4), search (4), code (4), legal (4), using (4), wikidata (4), latin (4), dates (4), branch (4), yale (4), lower (4), union (4), africa (4), empire (4), northern (4), post (4), coast (4), issues (4), criticism (4), insurance (4), social (4), columbia (4), college (4), county (4), recognized (4), judicial (4), judges (4), justice (4), publishing (4), speaker (4), enforcement (4), longest (4), mississippi (4), arkansas (4), west (4), kennedy (4), suffrage (4), federalist (4), period (4), 1917 (4), 2015 (4), 2007 (4), 2000 (4), wyoming (4), vermont (4), texas (4), oklahoma (4), connecticut (4), schumer (4), russell (4), dirksen (4), room (4), large (4), sergeant (4), arms (4), parliamentarian (4), 1790 (4), seal (4), whole (4), traditions (4), senatorial (4), classes (4), veto (4), procedures (4), appropriation (4), length (4), bipartisan (4), single (4), expelled (4), membership (4), via (4), 89056 (4), 00889 (4), help (4), 1992 (4), presidents (4), four (4), 1989 (4), always (4), 1976 (4), making (4), david (4), baker (4), character (4), nations (4), 1973 (4), 1972 (4), twentieth (4), bibliography (4), parliament (4), tyranny (4), reached (4), issn (4), elizabeth (4), doi (4), speech (4), numbers (4), jstor (4), filibusters (4), deliberative (4), address (4), benefits (4), daily (4), vacancy (4), provided (4), direct (4), measure (4), origination (4), laws (4), taxes (4), adopted (4), earned (4), check (4), favor (4), serves (4), led (4), citizens (4), 100 (4), important (4), consider (4), due (4), passed (4), approve (4), proceedings (4), matter (4), require (4), provision (4), whether (4), amount (4), certain (4), hours (4), actions (4), tools (4), few (4), sits (4), receive (4), date (4), identified (4), junior (4), csrs (4), plurality (4), aged (4), hide (4), move (4), sidebar (4), safety (3), contact (3), you (3), wikimedia (3), categories (3), internet (3), statements (3), needing (3), confirmed (3), chambers (3), argentina (3), international (3), bicameral (3), germany (3), ireland (3), free (3), kingdom (3), change (3), lgbtq (3), action (3), life (3), race (3), poverty (3), personal (3), middle (3), society (3), statue (3), television (3), flag (3), wealth (3), science (3), communications (3), relations (3), blue (3), school (3), minor (3), commission (3), indian (3), tribes (3), attorney (3), territorial (3), corps (3), central (3), intelligence (3), agencies (3), supply (3), southern (3), pacific (3), atlantic (3), points (3), 1968 (3), 1865 (3), confederation (3), declaration (3), continental (3), 1980 (3), 1964 (3), 1945 (3), 1815 (3), 2003 (3), carolina (3), rhode (3), island (3), montana (3), louisiana (3), kentucky (3), hawaii (3), georgia (3), sanders (3), reed (3), grassley (3), hart (3), takes (3), revolutionary (3), george (3), center (3), manual (3), historian (3), chaplain (3), congr (3), span (3), biographical (3), memoirs (3), hearings (3), discharge (3), ranking (3), courtesy (3), nuclear (3), option (3), fix (3), multiple (3), censure (3), privileges (3), oversight (3), necessary (3), jewish (3), hispanic (3), caucuses (3), did (3), served (3), censured (3), outside (3), youngest (3), 119th (3), website (3), file (3), minutes (3), external (3), almanac (3), published (3), zelizer (3), overview (3), transaction (3), edward (3), stephen (3), 1996 (3), 1787 (3), oxford (3), harvard (3), papers (3), bruce (3), martin (3), cambridge (3), well (3), annual (3), 1977 (3), 1988 (3), report (3), perspectives (3), 1975 (3), governors (3), records (3), provinces (3), chosen (3), studies (3), amar (3), biography (3), william (3), partisanship (3), 209 (3), gives (3), now (3), fell (3), far (3), our (3), oclc (3), run (3), getting (3), ending (3), idea (3), brookings (3), cory (3), greatest (3), sit (3), down (3), seating (3), arrangement (3), millionaires (3), news (3), could (3), references (3), refer (3), empower (3), choice (3), voted (3), form (3), method (3), interpretation (3), usa (3), rejected (3), tradition (3), made (3), wrote (3), 1959 (3), book (3), agenda (3), content (3), angus (3), proportional (3), respective (3), notes (3), size (3), share (3), clinton (3), argues (3), stability (3), ensuring (3), voice (3), representative (3), interests (3), account (3), populous (3), defeat (3), despite (3), counter (3), compromise (3), represented (3), maintain (3), voters (3), influence (3), allows (3), person (3), rather (3), second (3), along (3), continued (3), extensive (3), consideration (3), full (3), amendments (3), collegial (3), customs (3), highest (3), work (3), jurisdiction (3), amend (3), considers (3), nominations (3), instance (3), duties (3), individual (3), aisle (3), remove (3), should (3), rare (3), overcome (3), recorded (3), cast (3), question (3), often (3), then (3), frequently (3), confirmations (3), because (3), motions (3), instead (3), previous (3), referred (3), limits (3), right (3), matters (3), rises (3), debates (3), absence (3), give (3), once (3), placed (3), changes (3), convene (3), addition (3), leadership (3), desires (3), whip (3), total (3), significant (3), except (3), eight (3), traditionally (3), although (3), final (3), whose (3), staggered (3), expired (3), effect (3), statewide (3), runoff (3), winner (3), greater (3), nominee (3), early (3), create (3), impeached (3), confirmation (3), add (2), topic (2), table (2), statistics (2), conduct (2), privacy (2), additional (2), foundation (2), archive (2), librivox (2), link (2), coordinates (2), spoken (2), disputed (2), disputes (2), clarification (2), unsourced (2), description (2), org (2), croatia (2), poland (2), korea (2), portugal (2), data (2), france (2), unicameral (2), bicameralism (2), japan (2), pre (2), 1947 (2), iraq (2), ethiopia (2), egypt (2), east (2), dominican (2), british (2), austria (2), afghanistan (2), puerto (2), rico (2), mariana (2), man (2), samoa (2), territories (2), nepal (2), jordan (2), indonesia (2), guinea (2), congo (2), unitary (2), switzerland (2), sudan (2), mexico (2), brazil (2), australia (2), portal (2), category (2), outline (2), separation (2), human (2), mass (2), environmental (2), energy (2), african (2), crime (2), capital (2), punishment (2), prices (2), finance (2), birth (2), standard (2), living (2), inequality (2), household (2), homeownership (2), homelessness (2), educational (2), attainment (2), affluence (2), religion (2), ideologies (2), names (2), literature (2), holidays (2), education (2), economic (2), wall (2), street (2), position (2), technology (2), agriculture (2), red (2), backsliding (2), meeting (2), divisions (2), manager (2), mayor (2), counties (2), reservation (2), federally (2), tribal (2), governments (2), uniform (2), constitutions (2), legislators (2), commissioner (2), comptroller (2), guard (2), space (2), uniformed (2), federalism (2), accountability (2), agency (2), community (2), departments (2), missouri (2), colorado (2), eastern (2), mid (2), gulf (2), regions (2), nevada (2), mountains (2), extreme (2), places (2), territory (2), military (2), cold (2), 1954 (2), 1896 (2), 1812 (2), independence (2), colonies (2), colonial (2), event (2), 1849 (2), lists (2), 1961 (2), wisconsin (2), utah (2), oregon (2), jersey (2), nebraska (2), minnesota (2), michigan (2), maryland (2), kansas (2), iowa (2), delaware (2), arizona (2), barrasso (2), thune (2), scott (2), gillibrand (2), smith (2), mcconnell (2), durbin (2), sullivan (2), vance (2), webster (2), course (2), doors (2), door (2), surrender (2), reading (2), apotheosis (2), freedom (2), prayer (2), complex (2), record (2), jefferson (2), thomas (2), copyright (2), reports (2), board (2), operations (2), doorkeeper (2), administrative (2), curator (2), counsel (2), revision (2), affairs (2), ethics (2), assessment (2), cap (2), gao (2), politico (2), 1819 (2), subcommittees (2), select (2), petition (2), chairman (2), riddick (2), morning (2), slip (2), specific (2), item (2), saxbe (2), spending (2), proper (2), 1950 (2), 1900 (2), equality (2), asian (2), groups (2), apportionment (2), districts (2), group (2), switched (2), lost (2), dean (2), resigned (2), domain (2), schedules (2), 1774 (2), audio (2), created (2), printing (2), online (2), mark (2), bob (2), iii (2), addresses (2), various (2), operation (2), histories (2), julian (2), struggle (2), consequences (2), houghton (2), mifflin (2), books (2), democrat (2), joe (2), passage (2), sharpe (2), 1841 (2), lyndon (2), transformation (2), 1952 (2), mcfarland (2), ernest (2), museum (2), frances (2), unequal (2), joseph (2), 1997 (2), 1990 (2), exclusive (2), practices (2), major (2), 1965 (2), 1969 (2), 1981 (2), 1985 (2), michael (2), grant (2), results (2), around (2), majorities (2), cain (2), 107 (2), akhil (2), random (2), connelly (2), publishers (2), origins (2), convention (2), crown (2), 593 (2), 44307 (2), point (2), millhiser (2), ian (2), vox (2), here (2), lazare (2), economist (2), advantages (2), explained (2), favored (2), just (2), rusch (2), chapter (2), countermajoritarianism (2), reforms (2), bypassed (2), 188 (2), examples (2), dictionary (2), things (2), closely (2), amer (2), mildred (2), yea (2), nay (2), defend (2), www (2), restore (2), speaks (2), finished (2), gold (2), packer (2), arcane (2), glossary (2), honorable (2), cnn (2), anchorage (2), keep (2), deleo (2), plan (2), electronic (2), found (2), thereof (2), fill (2), win (2), ranked (2), archives (2), 17th (2), fourteenth (2), 1818 (2), andrew (2), 1868 (2), npr (2), sole (2), complete (2), cornell (2), 108 (2), laurence (2), tribe (2), com (2), 114 (2), llc (2), happened (2), common (2), raising (2), broad (2), appropriations (2), distinguished (2), invention (2), s2cid (2), 1952075 (2), 2307 (2), norms (2), becomes (2), white (2), supremacy (2), events (2), hand (2), controlled (2), 796343 (2), said (2), bernie (2), confused (2), round (2), nonpartisan (2), blanket (2), decision (2), canton (2), accorded (2), delegation (2), ten (2), claim (2), proof (2), 1920s (2), 1974 (2), scientist (2), changing (2), writes (2), wide (2), today (2), beneficial (2), peculiar (2), defense (2), involves (2), otherwise (2), able (2), supplies (2), potential (2), out (2), arguments (2), 21st (2), remaining (2), contrast (2), trend (2), deviate (2), disparity (2), need (2), argue (2), disproportionate (2), benefit (2), amounts (2), populations (2), features (2), located (2), physical (2), much (2), manage (2), role (2), likely (2), 1970s (2), variety (2), priority (2), nature (2), transcript (2), sent (2), remain (2), indefinitely (2), secrecy (2), occasion (2), turned (2), private (2), seconded (2), agreement (2), occurs (2), beforehand (2), means (2), concealed (2), respond (2), remains (2), discretion (2), determines (2), tied (2), fails (2), debated (2), threshold (2), exercised (2), ways (2), talking (2), delivered (2), spoke (2), starting (2), intended (2), increased (2), recent (2), necessarily (2), immediately (2), limited (2), ability (2), scheduling (2), began (2), calhoun (2), days (2), bank (2), tactic (2), includes (2), provisions (2), almost (2), clay (2), adjournment (2), coincide (2), imposing (2), statute (2), governing (2), addressed (2), forms (2), internal (2), thus (2), temporarily (2), delay (2), negotiate (2), ended (2), simply (2), objects (2), depends (2), objections (2), dais (2), clerks (2), maintains (2), assistant (2), responsible (2), front (2), custom (2), preside (2), case (2), presided (2), occasions (2), swearing (2), officio (2), schedule (2), back (2), arranged (2), affiliation (2), treason (2), 1862 (2), faced (2), face (2), disciplinary (2), above (2), titles (2), longer (2), having (2), contribute (2), pension (2), average (2), retired (2), prior (2), ___ (2), enemies (2), domestic (2), affirmation (2), yet (2), seated (2), originally (2), changed (2), contested (2), filled (2), achieved (2), admission (2), permitted (2), again (2), numbered (2), taken (2), enacted (2), approved (2), thirty (2), gubernatorial (2), serving (2), balance (2), varies (2), vary (2), soon (2), possible (2), later (2), 30th (2), birthday (2), repeated (2), seven (2), trust (2), extent (2), none (2), part (2), twelfth (2), convicted (2), conviction (2), empowers (2), bribery (2), impeachments (2), authorizing (2), circumvent (2), vacant (2), reject (2), furthermore (2), outright (2), ambassadors (2), version (2), expenditure (2), initiate (2), originate (2), derived (2), electors (2), type (2), appearance (2), upload (2), source (2), read (2), edit (2), norsk (2), bahasa (2), log (2), donate (2), menu (2), mobile, cookie, statement, developers, contacts, disclaimers, available, apply, site, agree, registered, trademark, profit, organization, inc, creative, attribution, sharealike, license, edited, utc, hidden, haudio, microformats, accuracy, citations, containing, language, infobox, background, color, mdy, written, extended, protected, gadget, wikiminiatlas, webarchive, template, incorporating, establishments, https, index, php, title, united_states_senate, oldid, 1360823396, lux, snac, idref, trove, musicbrainz, artists, cinii, academics, israel, latvia, norway, bnf, fast, gnd, viaf, isni, databases, country, abolished, multicameralism, tricameralism, unicameralism, weimar, venezuela, turkey, sweden, soviet, senegal, russian, rhodesia, prussia, peru, ottoman, nicaragua, zealand, mauritania, malta, maldives, libya, irish, iran, hungary, greece, german, fiji, denmark, czechoslovakia, cuba, costa, rica, china, ceylon, burma, burkina, faso, raj, guiana, defunct, somaliland, isle, bermuda, dependent, zimbabwe, yemen, uzbekistan, uruguay, tunisia, trinidad, tobago, togo, thailand, tajikistan, spain, slovenia, saint, lucia, rwanda, romania, philippines, paraguay, palau, oman, netherlands, namibia, myanmar, morocco, madagascar, liberia, lesotho, kenya, kazakhstan, jamaica, ivory, italy, haiti, grenada, gabon, eswatini, equatorial, czech, colombia, chile, chad, cameroon, cambodia, burundi, bolivia, bhutan, belize, belarus, barbados, bahrain, bahamas, antigua, barbuda, algeria, somalia, russia, pakistan, nigeria, malaysia, india, canada, bosnia, herzegovina, belgium, xenophobia, church, opioid, epidemic, terrorism, illegal, immigration, smoking, hunger, shootings, gun, climate, racism, islamophobia, intersex, antisemitism, affirmative, discrimination, incarceration, expectancy, reproductive, medical, deserts, obesity, physician, shortage, food, disability, prescription, drug, costs, rationing, immigrant, hospice, prenatal, abortion, healthcare, aging, dream, visual, art, video, games, theater, sports, sexuality, philosophy, uncle, sam, liberty, mount, rushmore, symbols, anthem, music, radio, newspapers, journalism, libraries, asl, indigenous, housing, folklore, fashion, family, literacy, working, eviction, demographics, dance, cuisine, cinema, architecture, americana, culture, trucking, industry, rail, driving, aviation, transport, unemployment, taxation, welfare, programs, silicon, valley, debt, labor, unions, financial, reserve, greenhouse, gas, emissions, exports, currency, trade, tourism, mining, manufacturing, companies, banking, sector, economy, scandals, nationalism, exceptionalism, anti, americanism, imperial, corruption, town, township, charter, coterminous, municipality, consolidated, cities, sheriff, equivalents, local, hawaiian, home, land, recognition, sovereignty, comparison, statutory, codes, utilities, auditor, treasurer, lieutenant, noaa, air, navy, marine, army, armed, forces, preemption, regulations, liberties, tribunals, appeals, associate, inspectors, tsa, marshals, ice, fbi, dea, diplomatic, cbp, atf, reconnaissance, director, heritage, sites, water, sanitation, yukon, rio, grande, rivers, western, southwestern, southeastern, northwestern, northeastern, england, midwestern, plains, parks, park, sierra, rocky, appalachian, ranges, peaks, earthquakes, populated, outlying, insular, zones, reservations, enclaves, contiguous, geography, technological, industrial, postal, inventions, environment, discoveries, demographic, covid, pandemic, recession, terror, attacks, feminist, vietnam, korean, assassination, attack, pearl, harbor, depression, roaring, twenties, imperialism, spanish, progressive, gilded, genocide, wars, reconstruction, mexican, evolution, drafting, frontier, perpetual, paris, revolution, halifax, resolves, founding, fathers, association, thirteen, stamp, 1776, past, virgin, guam, tennessee, pennsylvania, ohio, hampshire, indiana, illinois, idaho, florida, alabama, lummis, baldwin, capito, cantwell, murray, kaine, warner, welch, curtis, cruz, cornyn, hagerty, blackburn, rounds, graham, whitehouse, mccormick, fetterman, merkley, wyden, armstrong, lankford, husted, moreno, cramer, hoeven, budd, tillis, luján, heinrich, kim, hassan, shaheen, rosen, cortez, masto, ricketts, fischer, sheehy, daines, schmitt, hawley, hyde, wicker, klobuchar, slotkin, peters, markey, warren, alsobrooks, van, hollen, collins, cassidy, paul, marshall, moran, ernst, banks, young, duckworth, risch, crapo, hirono, schatz, warnock, ossoff, moody, blunt, rochester, coons, murphy, blumenthal, hickenlooper, bennet, schiff, padilla, cotton, boozman, gallego, kelly, murkowski, britt, tuberville, cornerstone, laying, subway, residence, plant, recording, studio, fitness, facility, botanic, garden, facilities, rayburn, neill, longworth, ford, cannon, lottery, clouds, bust, collection, westward, way, princeton, columbus, lord, cornwallis, burgoyne, emancipation, proclamation, lincoln, progress, civilization, pediment, scene, signing, painting, visitor

Text of the page (random words):
and education the term of nine years appears to be a prudent mediocrity between a total exclusion of adopted citizens whose merits and talents may claim a share in the public confidence and an indiscriminate and hasty admission of them which might create a channel for foreign influence on the national councils 42 the senate not the judiciary is the sole judge of a senator s qualifications during its early years the senate did not closely scrutinize the qualifications of its members as a result four senators who failed to meet the age requirement were admitted to the senate henry clay aged 29 in 1806 john jordan crittenden aged 29 in 1817 armistead thomson mason aged 28 in 1816 and john eaton aged 28 in 1818 such an occurrence has not been repeated since 43 in 1934 rush d holt sr was elected to the senate at the age of 29 he waited until he turned 30 on the next june 19 to take the oath of office on november 7 1972 joe biden was elected to the senate at the age of 29 which was only 13 days prior to his 30th birthday on november 20 1972 therefore he reached his 30th birthday before the swearing in ceremony for incoming senators in january 1973 44 the fourteenth amendment to the united states constitution disqualifies as senators any federal or state officers who had taken the requisite oath to support the constitution but who later engaged in rebellion or aided the enemies of the united states this provision which came into force soon after the end of the civil war was intended to prevent those who had sided with the confederacy from serving that amendment also provides a method to remove that disqualification a two thirds vote of both chambers of congress 45 elections and term originally senators were selected by the state legislatures not by popular elections by the early years of the 20th century the legislatures of as many as 29 states had provided for popular election of senators by referendums 17 in 1913 popular election to the senate was standardized nationally by the ratification of the seventeenth amendment 46 elections further information list of united states senate elections elections to the senate are held on the first tuesday after the first monday in november in even numbered years election day and occur simultaneously with elections for the house of representatives 47 senators are elected by their state as a whole the elections clause of the united states constitution grants each state and congress if it so desires to implement a uniform law the power to legislate a method by which senators are elected ballot access rules for independent and minor party candidates vary from state to state citation needed in 45 states a primary election is held first for the republican and democratic parties and a select few third parties depending on the state with the general election following a few months later in most of these states the nominee may receive only a plurality in some states a runoff is required if no majority was achieved in the general election the winner is the candidate who receives a plurality of the popular vote citation needed in five states different methods are used in georgia a runoff between the top two candidates occurs if the plurality winner in the general election does not also win a majority in the states of california and washington a nonpartisan blanket primary also known as a jungle primary or top two primary is held in which all candidates participate in a single primary regardless of party affiliation the top two candidates in terms of votes received at the primary election advance to the general election where the winner is the candidate with the greater number of votes in maine and alaska ranked choice voting is used to nominate and elect candidates for federal offices including the senate 48 vacancies the seventeenth amendment requires that vacancies in the senate be filled by special election whenever a senator must be appointed or elected the secretary of the senate mails one of three forms to the state s governor to inform them of the proper wording to certify the appointment of a new senator 49 if a special election for one seat happens to coincide with a general election for the state s other seat each seat is contested separately a senator elected in a special election takes office as soon as possible after the election and serves until the original six year term expires i e not for a full term the seventeenth amendment permits state legislatures to empower their governors to make temporary appointments until the required special election takes place 50 the manner by which the seventeenth amendment is enacted varies among the states a 2018 report breaks this down into the following three broad categories specific procedures vary among the states 51 four states north dakota oregon rhode island and wisconsin do not empower their governors to make temporary appointments relying exclusively on the required special election provision in the seventeenth amendment 51 7 8 eight states alaska connecticut louisiana massachusetts mississippi texas vermont and washington provide for gubernatorial appointments and require a special election on an accelerated schedule 51 10 11 the remaining thirty eight states provide for gubernatorial appointments with the appointed senator serving the balance of the term or until the next statewide general election 51 8 9 in ten states within the final category above arizona hawaii kentucky 52 maryland montana north carolina oklahoma utah west virginia and wyoming the governor must appoint someone of the same political party as the previous incumbent 51 9 53 in september 2009 massachusetts changed its law to enable the governor to appoint a temporary replacement for the late senator edward kennedy until the special election in january 2010 54 55 in 2004 alaska enacted legislation and a separate ballot referendum that took effect on the same day but that conflicted with each other the effect of the ballot approved law is to withhold from the governor authority to appoint a senator 56 because the 17th amendment vests the power to grant that authority to the legislature not the people or the state generally it is unclear whether the ballot measure supplants the legislature s statute granting that authority 56 as a result it is uncertain whether an alaska governor may appoint an interim senator to serve until a special election is held to fill the vacancy citation needed in may 2021 oklahoma permitted its governor again to appoint a successor who is of the same party as the previous senator for at least the preceding five years when the vacancy arises in an even numbered year only after the appointee has taken an oath not to run in either a regular or special senate election 53 term senators serve terms of six years each the terms are staggered so that approximately one third of the seats are up for election every two years this was achieved by dividing the senators of the 1st congress into thirds called classes where the terms of one third expired after two years the terms of another third expired after four and the terms of the last third expired after six years this arrangement was also followed after the admission of new states into the union the staggering of terms has been arranged so both seats from a given state are not contested in the same general election except when a vacancy is being filled class ii comprises senators whose six year terms are set to expire on january 3 2027 there is no constitutional limit to the number of terms a senator may serve citation needed the constitution set the date for congress to convene article 1 section 4 clause 2 originally set that date for the third day of december the twentieth amendment changed the opening date for sessions to noon on the third day of january unless they shall by law appoint a different day the twentieth amendment also states that the congress shall assemble at least once every year and allows the congress to determine its convening and adjournment dates and other dates and schedules as it desires article 1 section 3 provides that the president has the power to convene congress on extraordinary occasions at his discretion 57 a member who has been elected but not yet seated is called a senator elect a member who has been appointed to a seat but not yet seated is called a senator designate citation needed oath the constitution requires that senators take an oath or affirmation to support the constitution 58 congress has prescribed the following oath for all federal officials except the president including senators i ___ ___ do solemnly swear or affirm that i will support and defend the constitution of the united states against all enemies foreign and domestic that i will bear true faith and allegiance to the same that i take this obligation freely without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion and that i will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which i am about to enter so help me god 59 salary and benefits main article united states congress privileges u s senate salaries 1992 2022 the annual salary of each senator since 2009 is 174 000 60 the president pro tempore and party leaders receive 193 400 60 61 in 2003 at least 40 senators were millionaires 62 by 2018 over 50 senators were millionaires partly due to inflation 63 along with earning salaries senators receive retirement and health benefits that are identical to other federal employees and are fully vested after five years of service senators are covered by the federal employees retirement system fers or civil service retirement system csrs fers has been the senate s retirement system since january 1 1987 while csrs applies only for those senators who were in the senate from december 31 1986 and prior as it is for federal employees congressional retirement is funded through taxes and the participants contributions 61 under fers senators contribute 1 3 of their salary into the fers retirement plan and pay 6 2 of their salary in social security taxes the amount of a senator s pension depends on the years of service and the average of the highest three years of their salary the starting amount of a senator s retirement annuity may not exceed 80 of their final salary in 2006 the average annual pension for retired senators and representatives under csrs was 60 972 while those who retired under fers or in combination with csrs was 35 952 61 seniority main article seniority in the united states senate by tradition seniority is a factor in the selection of physical offices and in party caucuses assignment of committees when senators have been in office for the same length of time a number of tiebreakers are used including comparing their former government service and then their respective state population 64 the senator in each state with the longer time in office is known as the senior senator while the other is the junior senator for example minority leader chuck schumer is the senior senator from new york having served in the senate since 1999 while kirsten gillibrand is new york s junior senator having served since 2009 citation needed titles like members of the house of representatives senators use the prefix the honorable before their names 65 66 senators are usually identified in the media and other sources by party and state for example democratic majority leader chuck schumer who represents new york may be identified as d new york or d ny and sometimes they are identified as to whether they are the junior or senior senator in their state see above unless in the context of elections they are rarely identified by which one of the three classes of senators they are in citation needed expulsion and other disciplinary actions the senate may expel a senator by a two thirds vote fifteen senators have been expelled in the senate s history william blount for treason in 1797 and fourteen in 1861 and 1862 for supporting the confederate secession although no senator has been expelled since 1862 many senators have chosen to resign when faced with expulsion proceedings for example bob packwood in 1995 the senate has also censured and condemned senators censure requires only a simple majority and does not remove a senator from office some senators have opted to withdraw from their re election races rather than face certain censure or expulsion such as robert torricelli in 2002 citation needed majority and minority parties the majority party is the political party that either has a majority of seats or can form a coalition or caucus with a majority of seats if two or more parties are tied the vice president s affiliation determines which party is the majority party the next largest party is known as the minority party the president pro tempore committee chairs and some other officials are generally from the majority party they have counterparts for instance the ranking members of committees in the minority party independents and members of third parties so long as they do not caucus support either of the larger parties are not considered in determining which is the majority party seating a typical senate desk on the floor of the united states senate one hundred desks are arranged in the chamber in a semicircular pattern and are divided by a wide central aisle the democratic party traditionally sits to the presiding officer s right and the republican party traditionally sits to the presiding officer s left regardless of which party has a majority of seats 67 each senator chooses a desk based on seniority within the party by custom the leader of each party sits in the front row along the center aisle forty eight of the desks date back to 1819 when the senate chamber was reconstructed after the original contents were destroyed in the 1812 burning of washington further desks of similar design were added as new states entered the union 68 it is a tradition that each senator who uses a desk inscribes their name on the inside of the desk s drawer with a pen 69 officers the senate side of the united states capitol in washington d c except for the president of the senate who is the vice president the senate elects its own officers 2 who maintain order and decorum manage and schedule the legislative and executive business of the senate and interpret the senate s rules practices and precedents many non member officers are also hired to run various day to day functions of the senate presiding officer main article presiding officer of the united states senate under the constitution the vice president serves as president of the senate they may vote in the senate ex officio for they are not an elected member of the senate in the case of a tie but are not required to 70 for much of the nation s history the task of presiding over senate sessions was one of the vice president s principal duties the other being to receive from the states the tally of electoral ballots cast for president and vice president and to open the certificates...