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thus nullifying the entire potency and purpose of the organization recognizing the post cold war military environment nato adopted the alliance strategic concept during its washington summit in april 1999 that emphasized conflict prevention and crisis management 67 milošević finally accepted the terms of an international peace plan on 3 june 1999 ending the kosovo war on 11 june milošević further accepted un resolution 1244 under the mandate of which nato then helped establish the kfor peacekeeping force nearly one million refugees had fled kosovo and part of kfor s mandate was to protect the humanitarian missions in addition to deterring violence 68 in august september 2001 the alliance also mounted operation essential harvest a mission disarming ethnic albanian militias in the republic of macedonia 69 as of 2023 update around 4 500 kfor soldiers representing 27 countries continue to operate in the area 70 war in afghanistan main articles international security assistance force and war in afghanistan the september 11 attacks in the us caused nato to invoke article 5 of the nato charter for the first time in the organization s history 71 the article states that an attack on any member shall be considered to be an attack on all the invocation was confirmed on 4 october 2001 when nato determined that the attacks were indeed eligible under the terms of the north atlantic treaty 72 the eight official actions taken by nato in response to the attacks included operation eagle assist and operation active endeavour a naval operation in the mediterranean sea designed to prevent the movement of terrorists or weapons of mass destruction and to enhance the security of shipping in general which began on 4 october 2001 53 the alliance showed unity on 16 april 2003 nato agreed to take command of the international security assistance force isaf which included troops from 42 countries the decision came at the request of germany and the netherlands the two countries leading isaf at the time of the agreement and all nineteen nato ambassadors approved it unanimously the handover of control to nato took place on 11 august and marked the first time in nato s history that it took charge of a mission outside the north atlantic area 73 general austin s miller right became commander of us and nato forces in afghanistan in september 2018 and oversaw the withdrawal until july 2021 lloyd austin the 28th us secretary of defense is on the left isaf was initially charged with securing kabul and surrounding areas from the taliban al qaeda and factional warlords so as to allow for the establishment of the afghan transitional administration headed by hamid karzai in october 2003 the un security council authorized the expansion of the isaf mission throughout afghanistan 74 and isaf subsequently expanded the mission in four main stages over the whole of the country 75 on 31 july 2006 the isaf additionally took over military operations in the south of afghanistan from a us led anti terrorism coalition 76 due to the intensity of the fighting in the south in 2011 france allowed a squadron of mirage 2000 fighter attack aircraft to be moved into the area to kandahar in order to reinforce the alliance s efforts 77 during its 2012 chicago summit nato endorsed a plan to end the afghanistan war and to remove the nato led isaf forces by the end of december 2014 78 isaf was disestablished in december 2014 and replaced by the follow on training resolute support mission 79 on 14 april 2021 nato secretary general jens stoltenberg said the alliance had agreed to start withdrawing its troops from afghanistan by 1 may 80 soon after the withdrawal of nato troops started the taliban launched an offensive against the afghan government quickly advancing in front of collapsing afghan armed forces 81 by 15 august 2021 taliban militants controlled the vast majority of afghanistan and had encircled the capital city of kabul 82 some politicians in nato member states have described the chaotic withdrawal of western troops from afghanistan and the collapse of the afghan government as the greatest debacle that nato has suffered since its founding 83 84 iraq training mission main article nato training mission iraq italian major general giovanni armentani deputy commanding general for the nato training mission meets with a us advise and assist brigade in august 2004 during the iraq war nato formed the nato training mission iraq a training mission to assist the iraqi security forces in conjunction with the us led mnf i 85 the nato training mission iraq ntm i was established at the request of the iraqi interim government under the provisions of un security council resolution 1546 the aim of ntm i was to assist in the development of iraqi security forces training structures and institutions so that iraq can build an effective and sustainable capability that addresses the needs of the country ntm i was not a combat mission but is a distinct mission under the political control of the north atlantic council its operational emphasis was on training and mentoring the activities of the mission were coordinated with iraqi authorities and the us led deputy commanding general advising and training who was also dual hatted as the commander of ntm i the mission officially concluded on 17 december 2011 86 turkey invoked the first article 4 meetings in 2003 at the start of the iraq war turkey also invoked this article twice in 2012 during the syrian civil war after the downing of an unarmed turkish f 4 reconnaissance jet and after a mortar was fired at turkey from syria 87 and again in 2015 after threats by islamic state of iraq and the levant to its territorial integrity 88 gulf of aden anti piracy main article operation ocean shield uss farragut destroying a somali pirate skiff in march 2010 in 2008 the un secretary general called on member states to protect the ships of operation allied provider de no ru uk which was distributing aid as part of the world food programme mission in somalia 89 the north atlantic council and other countries including russia china and south korea 90 91 formed operation ocean shield the operation sought to dissuade and interrupt pirate attacks protect vessels and to increase the general level of security in the region 92 beginning on 17 august 2009 nato deployed warships in an operation to protect maritime traffic in the gulf of aden and the indian ocean from somali pirates and help strengthen the navies and coast guards of regional states 93 libya intervention main article 2011 military intervention in libya libyan army palmaria howitzers destroyed by the french air force near benghazi in march 2011 during the libyan civil war violence between protesters and the libyan government under colonel muammar gaddafi escalated on 17 march 2011 the un security council adopted resolution 1973 which called for a ceasefire and authorized military action to protect civilians 94 a coalition that included several nato members began enforcing a no fly zone over libya shortly afterwards beginning with opération harmattan by the french air force on 19 march 95 on 20 march 2011 nato states agreed on enforcing an arms embargo against libya with operation unified protector using ships from nato standing maritime group 1 and standing mine countermeasures group 1 96 and additional ships and submarines from nato members 97 they would monitor report and if needed interdict vessels suspected of carrying illegal arms or mercenaries 96 on 24 march nato agreed to take control of the no fly zone from the initial coalition while command of targeting ground units remained with the coalition s forces 98 99 nato began officially enforcing the un resolution on 27 march 2011 with assistance from qatar and the united arab emirates 100 by june divisions within the alliance had begun to surface as only eight of the 28 member states were participating in combat operations 101 us defense secretary robert gates called on countries such as poland spain the netherlands turkey and germany to contribute more while those countries argued that the organization had overstepped its mandate in the conflict 102 103 104 in his final policy speech in brussels on 10 june gates further criticized allied countries suggesting their actions could cause the demise of nato 105 the german foreign ministry pointed to a considerable german contribution to nato and nato led operations and to the fact that this engagement was highly valued by president obama 106 while the mission was extended into september norway that day 10 june announced it would begin scaling down contributions and complete withdrawal by 1 august 107 earlier that week it was reported danish air fighters were running out of bombs 108 109 the following week the head of the royal navy said the country s operations in the conflict were not sustainable 110 by the end of the mission in october 2011 after the death of colonel gaddafi nato planes had flown about 9 500 strike sorties against pro gaddafi targets 111 112 a report from the organization human rights watch in may 2012 identified at least 72 civilians killed in the campaign 113 following a coup d état attempt in october 2013 libyan prime minister ali zeidan requested technical advice and trainers from nato to assist with ongoing security issues nato agreed to create a small brussels based advisory team to help libya strengthen its security forces 114 turkish border main article operation active fence us and nato patriot missile batteries in turkey use of article 5 has been threatened multiple times and four out of seven official article 4 consultations have been called due to spillover in turkey from the syrian civil war in april 2012 turkish prime minister recep tayyip erdoğan considered invoking article 5 of the nato treaty to protect turkish national security in a dispute over the syrian civil war 115 116 the alliance responded quickly and a spokesperson said the alliance was monitoring the situation very closely and will continue to do so and takes it very seriously protecting its members 117 after the shooting down of a turkish military jet by syria in june 2012 and syrian forces shelling turkish cities in october 2012 118 resulting in two article 4 consultations nato approved operation active fence in the past decade the conflict has only escalated in response to the 2015 suruç bombing which turkey attributed to isis and other security issues along its southern border 119 120 121 122 turkey called for an emergency meeting the latest consultation happened in february 2020 as part of increasing tensions due to the northwestern syria offensive which involved 123 syrian and suspected russian airstrikes on turkish troops and risked direct confrontation between russia and a nato member 124 eastern flank main article operation eastern sentry operation eastern sentry is a nato military initiative launched in response to russian drone incursions into polish airspace in september 2025 125 the operation aims to strengthen the alliance s eastern flank and deter further aggression multiple member states are contributing military assets including fighter jets and naval units to enhance air and ground defense capabilities eastern sentry is designed to provide a flexible and agile response to threats with a focus on countering drone technology membership main article member states of nato the 32 nato members are albania belgium bulgaria canada croatia czech republic denmark estonia finland france germany greece hungary iceland italy latvia lithuania luxembourg montenegro netherlands north macedonia norway poland portugal romania slovakia slovenia spain sweden turkey united kingdom united states nato members membership action plan enhanced opportunities partners individual partnership action plan partnership for peace mediterranean dialogue istanbul cooperation initiative global partners albania belgium bulgaria canada croatia czech republic denmark estonia finland france germany greece hungary iceland italy latvia lithuania luxembourg montenegro netherlands north macedonia norway poland portugal romania slovakia slovenia spain sweden turkey united kingdom united states bosnia and herzegovina australia georgia jordan ukraine armenia azerbaijan bosnia and herzegovina georgia kazakhstan moldova serbia ukraine armenia austria azerbaijan belarus suspended bosnia and herzegovina georgia ireland kazakhstan kyrgyzstan malta moldova russia suspended serbia switzerland tajikistan turkmenistan ukraine uzbekistan algeria egypt israel jordan mauritania morocco tunisia bahrain kuwait qatar united arab emirates australia colombia iraq japan mongolia new zealand pakistan south korea member states of nato are not obligated to come to the defence of territory south of the tropic of cancer nato has thirty two members mostly in europe with two in north america nato s area of responsibility within which attacks on member states are eligible for an article 5 response is defined under article 6 of the north atlantic treaty to include member territory in europe north america turkey and islands in the north atlantic north of the tropic of cancer attacks on vessels aircraft and other forces in the north atlantic again north of the tropic of cancer and the mediterranean sea may also provoke an article 5 response 126 during the original treaty negotiations the us insisted that colonies such as the belgian congo be excluded from the treaty 127 128 french algeria was however covered until its independence on 3 july 1962 129 twelve of these thirty two are original members who joined in 1949 while the other twenty joined in one of ten enlargement rounds 130 special arrangements the three nordic countries which joined nato as founding members denmark iceland and norway chose to limit their participation in three areas there would be no permanent peacetime bases no nuclear warheads and no allied military activity unless invited permitted on their territory however denmark allows the us space force to maintain pituffik space base in greenland 131 from the mid 1960s to the mid 1990s france pursued a military strategy of independence from nato under a policy dubbed gaullo mitterrandism 132 nicolas sarkozy negotiated the return of france to the integrated military command and the defence planning committee in 2009 the latter being disbanded the following year france remains the only nato member outside the nuclear planning group and unlike the us and the uk will not commit its nuclear armed submarines to the alliance 20 35 enlargement main article enlargement of nato nato has added 16 new members since german reunification and the end of the cold war nato was established on 4 april 1949 by the signing of the north atlantic treaty washington treaty the 12 founding members of the alliance were belgium canada denmark france iceland italy luxembourg the netherlands norway portugal the united kingdom and the united states 133 four new members joined during ...
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