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cide rate particularly in the cape flats region of cape town where rival groups compete over territory drug trafficking routes and extortion 204 these conflicts often result in civilian casualties with bystanders and children frequently caught in the crossfire 205 despite ongoing reforms south africa s criminal justice system faces persistent challenges including corruption inefficiency incompetency and underreporting which have undermined public confidence in law enforcement the department of justice and constitutional development oversees the court system while the department of correctional services manages the country s prisons 206 south africa has the highest prison population in africa 207 with chronic overcrowding and human rights concerns frequently reported 208 critics argue that systemic weaknesses and uneven access to justice have fostered a culture of impunity sustaining high crime rates and public mistrust these issues continue to shape national debates on security governance and human rights 209 economy main article economy of south africa johannesburg the economic centre of south africa and the continent s leading financial centre 210 south africa has a mixed economy characterised by a large services sector diversified industrial base and abundant natural resources it is the largest economy in africa and is widely recognised as the continent s most industrialised technologically advanced and diversified nation 211 212 213 as of 2026 south africa has a nominal gross domestic product gdp exceeding us 450 billion making it the world s 39th largest economy and one of the highest gdps per capita in sub saharan africa the south african rand zar is africa s most traded currency 214 while the johannesburg stock exchange jse is the continent s largest stock exchange and ranks among the world s 20 largest by market capitalization 215 south africa is the only african member of the g20 and is also a member of brics 216 despite its economic development south africa continues to face high unemployment widespread poverty and severe income inequality 217 218 with an official unemployment rate of 33 6 as of the second quarter of 2026 219 approximately 23 million people 37 9 of the population live below the lower bound poverty line 220 while 10 8 million live below the food poverty line 219 and the country consistently records one of the world s highest gini coefficients 221 222 223 south africa is a major trading nation with minerals precious metals vehicles machinery agricultural products and manufactured goods among its principal exports 224 as of 2026 its largest export markets are china 12 5 the united states 7 7 germany 7 4 japan 5 6 and the united kingdom 4 0 while its principal import sources are china 22 7 india 12 2 nigeria 6 8 the united states 6 3 and germany 5 7 225 following the end of apartheid in 1994 the newly elected african national congress government inherited an economy weakened by decades of international sanctions 226 the government stabilised public finances reduced inflation and attracted foreign investment while introducing black economic empowerment bee policies to integrate the previously disadvantaged majority into the formal economy 226 under president thabo mbeki economic reforms increased investment and the growth employment and redistribution gear strategy introduced by then finance minister trevor manuel 227 contributed to rapid growth from the early 2000s 226 growth subsequently stalled under jacob zuma 228 amid rising corruption and state capture including the influence of the gupta family over state owned enterprises soes 229 230 under president cyril ramaphosa efforts to revive economic growth and investment have continued following the formation of the government of national unity gnu in 2024 although growth remains subdued 231 industries and services further information banking in south africa retailing in south africa automotive industry in south africa mining in south africa and agriculture in south africa naspers centre in cape town headquarters of naspers south africa s largest mass media company and africa s most valuable company in 2025 232 the services sector is the largest component of the south african economy accounting for approximately 70 of gdp 233 financial services are particularly well developed 234 while the south african reserve bank is the oldest central bank in africa 235 johannesburg is the continent s leading financial centre and home to the jse 236 with south africa s total stock market capitalization reaching approximately us 1 53 trillion in 2026 ranking 16th globally 237 south african companies dominate the rankings of africa s most valuable companies with firms such as anglogold ashanti naspers firstrand and standard bank group occupying most of the continent s top positions 238 retail is also a major industry with south africa having africa s largest retail market and ranking sixth globally by total number of shopping centres 239 other major services include real estate business services and outsourcing manufacturing accounts for around 13 of gdp with the country having the world s 41st largest manufacturing output 240 south africa has africa s most advanced and diversified manufacturing sector 241 producing motor vehicles chemicals steel machinery mining equipment food and beverages textiles and military equipment 242 the automotive industry is a major component with toyota volkswagen bmw ford mercedes benz and nissan operating large scale assembly plants in the country 243 making south africa africa s largest motor vehicle producer with more than 600 000 vehicles manufactured annually 244 mining remains one of south africa s most important industries contributing around 7 8 of gdp and accounting for more than half of merchandise exports making it the world s fifth largest mining economy by contribution to gdp 245 south africa was the world s leading gold producer for much of the 20th century and remains the largest producer of platinum 246 chromium 247 manganese 248 and vanadium 249 while also ranking among the world s top 10 producers of coal iron ore diamonds uranium titanium and gold 250 the country possesses some of the world s largest mineral reserves 245 including approximately 88 of global platinum group metal reserves 80 of manganese reserves and 72 of chromite reserves 251 agriculture contributes approximately 2 3 of gdp but remains important to employment food security rural development and exports 252 south africa has a diverse agricultural sector and is a major exporter of farm products it is the world s largest producer of mohair and ostrich meat while ranking among the leading global producers of citrus fruit grapes wine maize wool sugar deciduous fruit and livestock products 253 254 255 approximately half of the country s agricultural production is exported making south africa one of the southern hemisphere s leading agricultural exporters 256 tourism main article tourism in south africa cape town s cbd and table mountain viewed from the v a waterfront the city is south africa s tourism capital and a leading tech hub in africa 257 south africa is one of africa s leading tourist destinations with tourism forming an important component of the wider services sector and national economy 258 the sector contributes approximately 5 8 of its gdp and supports around 1 8 million jobs 259 representing more than 10 of national employment 260 261 in 2024 south africa welcomed approximately 8 9 million international visitors through its various ports of entry while in 2025 it was ranked among the world s leading travel destinations and the highest rated destination in africa and the indian ocean region by the daily telegraph 262 south africa is renowned for its diverse landscapes abundant wildlife and rich cultural heritage the country is home to some of africa s most recognisable natural attractions including kruger national park one of the continent s largest and most visited game reserves table mountain one of the new7wonders of nature the garden route the drakensberg mountain range blyde river canyon and the beaches of the western cape and kwazulu natal provinces safari tourism remains one of the country s principal attractions supported by an extensive network of national parks private game reserves and marine protected areas the country s major cities also attract millions of visitors each year cape town consistently ranked as the world s most beautiful city is south africa s leading tourist destination and is renowned for landmarks such as the v a waterfront table mountain cape point and the nearby cape winelands johannesburg is the country s commercial centre and is home to attractions including the apartheid museum constitution hill and gold reef city while durban is known for its subtropical climate beaches and the golden mile waterfront promenade wine tourism has become a major industry with the vineyards of stellenbosch franschhoek and paarl ranking among the most visited destinations in the southern hemisphere 263 south africa has twelve unesco world heritage sites reflecting its exceptional natural and cultural significance these include robben island the cradle of humankind isimangaliso wetland park the cape floral region protected areas mapungubwe national park the maloti drakensberg park and the richtersveld cultural and botanical landscape 28 science and technology main article science and technology in south africa mark shuttleworth in space several important scientific and technological developments have originated in south africa the first human to human heart transplant was performed by cardiac surgeon christiaan barnard at groote schuur hospital in december 1967 max theiler developed a vaccine against yellow fever allan macleod cormack pioneered x ray computed tomography ct scan and aaron klug developed crystallographic electron microscopy techniques cormack and klug received nobel prizes for their work sydney brenner won in 2002 for his pioneering work in molecular biology mark shuttleworth founded thawte an early internet security company pioneering digital certificates and online security 264 south africa was ranked 61st in the global innovation index in 2025 reflecting its continued scientific and technological capabilities 265 266 south africa has a burgeoning astronomy community and hosts the southern african large telescope the largest optical telescope in the southern hemisphere and the meerkat radio telescope a precursor to the 1 5 billion square kilometre array project 267 the south african national space agency sansa established in 2010 oversees the country s space activities south africa launched its first locally developed satellite sunsat in 1999 and had africa s second highest number of satellites in space with 13 as of 2025 behind egypt with 14 268 south africa is also the continent s leading satellite developer with a high proportion of satellite components and systems developed locally 269 270 south africa has also made significant contributions to military technology the country pioneered mine resistant vehicle designs including the buffel and casspir which established the use of v shaped hulls to protect occupants from landmines and later influenced modern mrap vehicles 271 south africa also pioneered the operational use of helmet mounted sight technology on combat aircraft successfully integrating a locally developed system with air to air missiles on mirage fighters in 1975 272 273 infrastructure see also housing in south africa transport main article transport in south africa a gautrain higher speed express commuter rail at o r tambo international airport johannesburg south africa has the largest and most extensive transport infrastructure in africa comprising an integrated network of roads railways airports seaports and pipelines the country has approximately 750 000 kilometres 470 000 mi of roads making it the largest road network in africa and the 12th largest in the world the south african national roads agency sanral manages the national road system 274 including major highways such as the n1 n2 n3 and n4 which connect the country s principal cities and form part of transcontinental routes such as the cape to cairo highway 275 the railway network extends approximately 36 000 kilometres 23 700 mi making it the largest in africa and the seventh largest in the world 276 freight services are operated primarily by transnet freight rail 277 while commuter rail services are provided by the passenger rail agency of south africa prasa the gautrain rapid rail system links johannesburg and pretoria providing the country s only higher speed rail service 278 south africa has more than 1 500 airports 279 among the highest numbers in the world and the greatest of any african country o r tambo international airport in johannesburg is the largest and busiest airport in africa 280 serving as the country s principal international gateway while cape town international king shaka international and chief dawid stuurman international airports are other major hubs 281 south africa also has the continent s largest and most developed aviation market 282 served by airlines including south african airways airlink flysafair cemair and lift 283 south africa s maritime sector is centred on the commercial ports of durban cape town gqeberha richards bay saldanha bay and east london 284 the port of durban is the busiest container port in sub saharan africa and the fourth largest in the southern hemisphere while the port of richards bay is one of the world s largest bulk export facilities 285 port infrastructure is managed by the transnet national ports authority which plays a central role in supporting domestic logistics and international trade 286 energy main article energy in south africa the koeberg nuclear power station in cape town africa s first and only commercial nuclear power plant south africa has the largest and most advanced energy sector in africa and is the world s 22nd largest producer of electricity the sector is dominated by the state owned utility eskom africa s largest power company 287 which generates approximately 90 of the country s electricity and is a major participant in the southern african power pool the regional electricity market south africa remains heavily reliant on coal 288 producing more than 200 million tonnes annually making it the world s seventh largest coal producer around 90 of the coal consumed on the african continent is mined in south africa 289 which is also one of the world s 15 largest greenhouse gas emitters 290 the south african electricity grid has an installed capacity of around 60 gw 291 in 2024 electricity generation was sourced from coal approximately 80 83 renewable energy from wind solar and hydroelectricity 9 13 nuclear power around 4 and other sources including gas diesel and pumped storage 4 6 292 major generating facilities include the kusile medupi majuba and kendal c...
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