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february 100 101 cardiff has 1 573 hours of sunshine in an average year wales 1 407 5 hours cardiff is sunniest in july with an average 199 6 hours during the month wales 177 hours and least sunny in december with 50 4 hours wales 41 4 hours 100 101 cardiff experiences less rainfall than average for wales it falls on 153 days in an average year with total annual rainfall of 1 203 3 mm 47 37 in monthly rainfall patterns show that from october to january average monthly rainfall in cardiff exceeds 100 mm 3 9 in each month the wettest month being december with 139 6 mm 5 50 in and the driest from april to june with average monthly rainfall fairly consistent between 70 and 80 mm 2 8 and 3 1 in 100 101 climate data for cardiff bute park wmo id 99610 coordinates 51 29 17 n 3 11 19 w 51 48818 n 3 18859 w 51 48818 3 18859 met office bute park elevation 9 m 30 ft 1991 2020 normals extremes 1913 present b month jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec year record high c f 15 0 59 0 18 3 64 9 21 6 70 9 26 9 80 4 32 9 91 2 35 9 96 6 33 6 92 5 34 5 94 1 29 7 85 5 27 1 80 8 18 7 65 7 16 7 62 1 35 9 96 6 mean daily maximum c f 8 6 47 5 9 2 48 6 11 3 52 3 14 4 57 9 17 4 63 3 20 1 68 2 21 8 71 2 21 4 70 5 19 1 66 4 15 3 59 5 11 6 52 9 9 1 48 4 15 0 59 0 daily mean c f 5 6 42 1 5 9 42 6 7 6 45 7 10 1 50 2 13 0 55 4 15 7 60 3 17 5 63 5 17 2 63 0 14 9 58 8 11 7 53 1 8 3 46 9 6 0 42 8 11 1 52 0 mean daily minimum c f 2 5 36 5 2 5 36 5 3 9 39 0 5 7 42 3 8 5 47 3 11 1 52 0 13 1 55 6 12 9 55 2 10 7 51 3 8 0 46 4 4 9 40 8 2 8 37 0 7 3 45 1 record low c f 16 7 1 9 11 1 12 0 8 9 16 0 4 8 23 4 2 0 28 4 1 0 33 8 4 5 40 1 3 6 38 5 0 5 32 9 3 4 25 9 8 7 16 3 10 1 13 8 16 7 1 9 average precipitation mm inches 127 0 5 00 93 0 3 66 85 3 3 36 72 1 2 84 78 5 3 09 73 5 2 89 83 6 3 29 104 8 4 13 86 3 3 40 129 1 5 08 130 7 5 15 139 6 5 50 1 203 5 47 39 average precipitation days 1 0 mm 15 6 12 0 12 3 10 7 11 2 10 4 11 2 12 4 11 8 15 0 15 6 15 2 153 4 mean monthly sunshine hours 53 5 76 2 116 6 177 0 198 4 195 2 199 6 185 3 151 9 103 9 65 0 50 4 1 572 9 source 1 met office 102 103 104 ordnance survey 105 source 2 knmi 106 starlings roost weather 107 108 demography edit main article demographics of cardiff historical population year pop 1801 6 342 1851 26 630 319 9 1861 48 965 83 9 1871 71 301 45 6 1881 93 637 31 3 1891 142 114 51 8 1901 172 629 21 5 1911 209 804 21 5 1921 227 753 8 6 1931 247 270 8 6 1941 257 112 4 0 1951 267 356 4 0 1961 278 552 4 2 1971 290 227 4 2 1981 274 500 5 4 1991 272 557 0 7 2001 292 150 7 2 2011 346 100 18 5 2021 362 400 4 7 source vision of britain except 2011 which is the 2011 census data from the office for national statistics historical populations are calculated with the modern boundaries following a period of decline in the 1970s and 1980s cardiff s population is growing again it reached 362 400 in the 2021 census 109 compared to a 2011 census figure of 346 100 6 between mid 2007 and mid 2008 cardiff was the fastest growing local authority in wales with growth of 1 2 110 according to 2001 census data cardiff was the 21st largest urban area in the united kingdom 111 the cardiff larger urban zone a eurostat definition including the vale of glamorgan and a number of local authorities in the valleys has 841 600 people the 10th largest luz in the uk 112 the cardiff and south wales valleys metropolitan area has a population of nearly 1 1 million 113 residential areas of northern cardiff official census estimates of the city s total population have been disputed the city council published two articles arguing that the 2001 census seriously under reported the population of cardiff and in particular the ethnic minority population of some inner city areas 114 115 the welsh government s official mid year estimate of the population of the cardiff local authority area in 2019 was 366 903 116 at the 2011 census the official population of the cardiff built up area bua was put at 447 287 117 118 the bua is not contiguous with the local authority boundary and aggregates data at a lower level for cardiff this includes the urban part of cardiff penarth dinas powys caerphilly and pontypridd cardiff has an ethnically diverse population due to past trading connections post war immigration and large numbers of foreign students who attend university in the city the ethnic make up of cardiff s population at the 2011 census was 84 7 white 1 6 mixed white and black african caribbean 0 7 mixed white and asian 0 6 mixed other 8 1 asian 2 4 black 1 4 arab and 0 6 other ethnic groups 119 this means almost 53 000 people from a non white ethnic group reside in the city this diversity especially that of the city s long established african 120 and arab 121 communities has been recorded in cultural exhibitions and events along with books published on this subject 122 123 health edit main article cardiff and vale university health board university hospital of wales there are seven nhs hospitals in the city the largest being the university hospital of wales which is the third largest hospital in the uk and deals with most accidents and emergencies 124 the university dental hospital which provides emergency treatment is also located on this site llandough hospital is located in the south of the city st david s hospital the city s newest hospital built behind the former building is located in canton and provides services for the elderly and children cardiff royal infirmary is on newport road near the city centre the majority of this hospital was closed in 1999 but the west wing remained open for clinic services genitourinary medicine and rehabilitation treatment rookwood hospital and the velindre cancer centre are also located within cardiff they are administered by the cardiff and vale university health board with the exception of velindre which is run by a separate trust 125 126 spire healthcare a private hospital is in pontprennau 127 language edit see also cardiff dialect bilingual signs are commonplace in cardiff cardiff has a chequered linguistic history with welsh english latin norse and norman french preponderant at different times welsh was the majority language in cardiff from the 13th century until the city s explosive growth in the victorian era 128 as late as 1850 five of the 12 anglican churches within the current city boundaries conducted their services exclusively in welsh while only two worshipped exclusively in english 128 by 1891 the percentage of welsh speakers had fallen to 27 9 and only lisvane llanedeyrn and creigiau remained as majority welsh speaking communities 129 the welsh language became grouped around a small cluster of chapels and churches the most notable of which is tabernacl in the city centre one of four uk churches chosen to hold official services to commemorate the new millennium the city s first welsh language school ysgol gymraeg bryntaf was established in the 1950s welsh has since regained ground 130 aided by welsh medium education and migration from other parts of wales there are now many more welsh speakers in the local authority their numbers doubled between the 1991 and 2021 censuses from 18 071 6 6 to 42 757 12 2 residents aged three years and above 131 132 the lsoa lower layer super output area with the highest percentage of welsh speakers in the city centre is found in victoria park at 28 7 133 cardiff city council adopted a five year welsh language strategy in 2017 aimed at increasing the number of welsh speakers aged 3 in cardiff by 15 9 from 36 735 in 2011 to 42 584 residents by the 2021 census 134 in the 2021 census 42 757 12 2 of cardiff s population could speak welsh 131 in addition to english and welsh the diversity of cardiff s population including foreign students means that many other languages are spoken one study has found that cardiff has speakers of at least 94 languages with somali urdu bengali and arabic being the most commonly spoken foreign ones 135 the modern cardiff accent is distinct from that of nearby south wales valleys it is marked primarily by substitution of iə by jøː 136 137 here hiːə pronounced as h jøː in the broader form clarification needed the vowel of start may be realised as æː or even ɛː so that cardiff is pronounced ˈkæːdɪf language schools edit due to its diversity and large student population more people now come to the city to learn english foreign students from arab states and other european countries are a common sight on the streets of cardiff 110 the british council has an office in the city centre and there are six accredited schools in the area 138 religion edit main articles christianity in wales and religion in wales cardiff s cathedrals llandaff cathedral an anglican cathedral the parish church of llandaff the seat of the bishop of llandaff the head of the church in wales cardiff metropolitan cathedral a catholic cathedral the seat of the archbishop of cardiff religion in cardiff 2021 139 no religion 42 9 christianity 38 3 islam 9 30 hinduism 1 50 buddhism 0 40 sikhism 0 40 judaism 0 20 other religion 0 60 not stated 6 30 since 1922 cardiff has included llandaff within its boundary along with the anglican llandaff cathedral the parish church of llandaff and the seat of the bishop of llandaff head of the church in wales and the diocese of llandaff there is a roman catholic cathedral in the city since 1916 cardiff has been the seat of a catholic archbishop but there appears to have been a fall in the estimated catholic population with numbers in 2006 around 25 000 fewer than in 1980 140 likewise the jewish population appears to have fallen there are two synagogues in cardiff one in cyncoed and one in moira terrace as opposed to seven at the turn of the 20th century 141 there are several nonconformist chapels an early 20th century greek orthodox church and 11 mosques 142 143 144 in the 2001 census 66 9 of cardiff s population described itself as christian a percentage point below the welsh and uk averages the oldest of the non christian communities in wales is judaism jews were not permitted to live in england and wales between the 1290 edict of expulsion and the 17th century a welsh jewish community was re established in the 18th century 145 there was once a fairly substantial jewish population in south wales most of which has disappeared the orthodox jewish community congregations are consolidated in the cardiff united synagogue in cyncoed which was dedicated by chief rabbi jonathan sacks in 2003 146 147 the cardiff reform synagogue is in adamsdown shah jalal mosque on crwys road cardiff built in 1899 as a welsh calvinistic methodist chapel a mosque since 1990 shri swaminarayan mandir in grangetown is the first and largest hindu temple in wales sri dasmais singh sabha gurdwara bhatra sikh centre riverside cardiff s muslim population is much above the welsh average and the longest established in the uk being started by yemeni and somali sailors settling in the 19th century 148 cardiff now has over 11 000 muslims with various national affiliations 149 nearly 52 per cent of the muslim population in wales 150 the proportion of cardiff residents declaring themselves hindu sikh and jewish were all considerably higher than the welsh averages but lower than the uk figures the city has had a hindu community since indian immigrants settled in the 1950s and 1960s the first hindu temple in the city was opened in grangetown on 6 april 1979 on the site of an abandoned synagogue 151 the 25th anniversary of the founding was celebrated in september 2007 with a parade of over 3 000 people through the city centre including hindus from across the united kingdom and members of cardiff s other religious communities 152 there are over 2 000 hindus in cardiff worshipping at three temples 149 in the 2001 census 18 8 of the city s population stated they had no religion while 8 6 did not state a religion 153 economy edit main article economy and industry of cardiff the coal exchange as the capital city of wales cardiff is the main engine of growth in the welsh economy though the population of cardiff is about 10 of the welsh population the economy of cardiff makes up nearly 20 of welsh gdp and 40 of the city s workforce are daily in commuters from the surrounding south wales area 154 155 industry has played a major part in cardiff s development for many centuries the main catalyst for its transformation from a small town into a big city was the demand for coal required in making iron and later steel brought to sea by packhorse from merthyr tydfil this was first achieved by building a 25 mile 40 km canal from merthyr 510 ft or 160 m above sea level to the taff estuary at cardiff 156 eventually the taff vale railway replaced the canal barges and massive marshalling yards sprang up as new docks were developed in cardiff all prompted by the soaring worldwide demand for coal from the south wales valleys at its peak cardiff s port area known as tiger bay became the busiest port in the world and for some time the world s most important coal port 157 158 in the years leading up to the first world war more than 10 million tonnes of coal was exported annually from cardiff docks 159 in 1907 cardiff s coal exchange was the first host to a business deal for a million pounds sterling 160 the high demand for welsh coal and specifically welsh artificial fuel named patent fuel is shown by the numerous factories producing this fuel with the same recipe in the region of cardiff most well known factories were the star patent fuel co the crown patent fuel the cardiff patent fuel etc 161 after a period of decline due to low demand on coal cardiff s port has started to grow again over 3 million tonnes of cargo passed through the docks in 2007 162 the 26 storey bridge street exchange at 85 m 279 ft in height is the tallest building in cardiff 163 cardiff today is the main finance and business services centre in wales with strong representation of finance and business services in the local economy this sector combined with the public administration education and health sectors have accounted for about 75 of cardiff s economic growth since 1991 164 the city was recently placed seventh overall in the top 50 european cities in the fdi 2008 cities of the future list published by the fdi magazine and ranked seventh in terms of attracting foreign investment 165 notable companies such as legal general admiral insurance hbos zurich ing direct the aa principality building society 118118 british gas brains swalec energy and bt all operate large national or regional headquarters and contact centres in the city some of them based in cardiff s office towers such as capital tower and brunel house other major employers include nhs wales and the senedd on 1 march 2004 cardiff was granted fairtrade city status cardiff is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the united kingdom receiving 18 3 million visitors in 2010 and generating 852 million for the city s economy 166 one result is that one in five employees in c...
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