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s toggle government and politics subsection 4 1 local government 4 2 law 4 3 foreign relations 4 4 military 5 economy toggle economy subsection 5 1 taxation policy 5 2 trade 5 3 energy 5 4 transport 6 demographics toggle demographics subsection 6 1 languages 6 2 religion 6 3 education 6 4 healthcare 7 culture toggle culture subsection 7 1 literature and drama 7 2 music and dance 7 3 architecture 7 4 media 7 5 cuisine 7 6 sports 7 7 society 7 8 state symbols 8 see also 9 notes 10 references toggle references subsection 10 1 bibliography 11 further reading 12 external links toggle external links subsection 12 1 government 12 2 general information toggle the table of contents republic of ireland 278 languages аԥсшәа acèh адыгабзэ afrikaans alemannisch አማርኛ aragonés ænglisc العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى asturianu авар kotava अवधी aymar aru azərbaycanca تۆرکجه башҡортса basa bali boarisch žemaitėška batak toba bikol central беларуская тарашкевіца беларуская betawi български भोजपुरी bislama ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ বাংলা བོད ཡིག bòo pìkkà বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী brezhoneg bosanski basa ugi буряад català chavacano de zamboanga 閩東語 mìng dĕ̤ng ngṳ̄ нохчийн cebuano chamoru ꮳꮃꭹ tsetsêhestâhese کوردی corsu qırımtatarca čeština kaszëbsczi словѣньскъ ⱄⰾⱁⰲⱑⱀⱐⱄⰽⱏ чӑвашла cymraeg dansk dagbanli deutsch zazaki dolnoserbski डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང ཁ eʋegbe ελληνικά emiliàn e rumagnòl esperanto español eesti euskara estremeñu فارسی fulfulde suomi võro na vosa vakaviti føroyskt français arpetan nordfriisk furlan frysk gaeilge gagauz 贛語 kriyòl gwiyannen gàidhlig galego گیلکی avañe ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी gõychi konknni 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 gaelg hausa 客家語 hak kâ ngî hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी fiji hindi hrvatski hornjoserbsce kreyòl ayisyen magyar հայերեն արեւմտահայերէն interlingua jaku iban bahasa indonesia interlingue igbo ilokano ido íslenska medžuslovjansky italiano 日本語 patois la lojban jawa ქართული qaraqalpaqsha taqbaylit адыгэбзэ kabɩyɛ tyap kumoring қазақша ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ yerwa kanuri 한국어 перем коми къарачай малкъар کٲشُر ripoarisch kurdî коми kernowek кыргызча latina ladino lëtzebuergesch лезги luganda limburgs ligure ladin lombard lingála ລາວ lietuvių latgaļu latviešu madhurâ basa banyumasan мокшень malagasy олык марий māori minangkabau македонски മലയാളം монгол मराठी кырык мары bahasa melayu malti mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ эрзянь مازِرونی nedersaksies plattdüütsch नेपाली नेपाल भाषा nederlands norsk nynorsk norsk bokmål novial nouormand sesotho sa leboa diné bizaad occitan livvinkarjala oromoo ଓଡ଼ିଆ ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ pangasinan kapampangan papiamentu picard deitsch polski piemontèis پنجابی ποντιακά پښتو português runa simi rumantsch romani čhib ikirundi română armãneashti tarandíne русский русиньскый ikinyarwanda संस्कृतम् саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ sardu sicilianu scots سنڌي davvisámegiella srpskohrvatski српскохрватски တႆး සිංහල simple english slovenčina سرائیکی slovenščina gagana samoa anarâškielâ chishona soomaaliga shqip српски srpski sranantongo siswati seeltersk svenska kiswahili ślůnski தமிழ் tayal తెలుగు tetun тоҷикӣ ไทย türkmençe tagalog tolışi lea faka tonga toki pona tok pisin türkçe xitsonga татарча tatarça chitumbuka удмурт українська اردو oʻzbekcha ўзбекча tshivenda vèneto vepsän kel tiếng việt west vlams volapük walon winaray wolof 吴语 хальмг მარგალური ייִדיש yorùbá vahcuengh zeêuws 文言 閩南語 bân lâm gí 粵語 中文 isizulu edit links article talk english read view source view history tools tools move to sidebar hide actions read view source view history general what links here related changes upload file permanent link page information cite this page get shortened url switch to legacy parser print export download as pdf printable version in other projects abstract wikipedia wikimedia commons wikinews wikiquote wikivoyage wikidata item appearance move to sidebar hide coordinates 53 n 8 w 53 n 8 w 53 8 from wikipedia the free encyclopedia country in northwestern europe this article is about the sovereign state for other uses see ireland disambiguation ireland éire irish flag coat of arms anthem amhrán na bhfiann capital and largest city dublin 53 20 65 n 6 16 05 w 53 34417 n 6 26750 w 53 34417 6 26750 official languages irish a english 1 ethnic groups 2022 2 76 6 white irish 10 8 other white 3 3 asian 1 5 black 1 7 other 6 1 not stated religion 2022 3 75 7 christianity 69 1 catholicism 2 5 anglicanism 4 1 other christian 14 5 no religion 3 1 other 6 7 not stated demonym irish government unitary parliamentary republic president catherine connolly taoiseach micheál martin tánaiste simon harris chief justice donal o donnell legislature oireachtas upper house seanad lower house dáil independence from the united kingdom proclamation 24 april 1916 declaration 21 january 1919 anglo irish treaty 6 december 1921 1922 constitution 6 december 1922 1937 constitution 29 december 1937 republic act 18 april 1949 area total 70 273 km 2 27 133 sq mi 118th water 2 0 population april 2025 estimate 5 458 600 4 119th 2022 census 5 149 139 5 density 76 6 km 2 198 4 sq mi 113th gdp ppp 2026 estimate total 884 699 billion 6 41st per capita 159 129 6 3rd gdp nominal 2026 estimate total 779 381 billion 6 22nd per capita 140 186 6 2nd gini 2022 27 9 7 low inequality hdi 2023 0 949 8 very high 11th currency euro b eur time zone utc gmt summer dst utc 1 ist date format dd mm yyyy calling code 353 iso 3166 code ie internet tld ie c ireland irish éire ˈeːɾʲə ⓘ also known as the republic of ireland poblacht na héireann d is a country in northwestern europe it consists of 26 of the 32 counties of the island of ireland with a population of about 5 4 million 4 its capital and largest city is dublin on the eastern side of the island with a population of over 1 5 million 4 the sovereign state shares its only land border with northern ireland which is part of the united kingdom it is otherwise surrounded by the atlantic ocean with the celtic sea to the south st george s channel to the south east and the irish sea to the east it is a unitary parliamentary republic 9 the legislature the oireachtas consists of a lower house dáil éireann an upper house seanad éireann and an elected president uachtarán who serves as the largely ceremonial head of state but with some important powers and duties the head of government is the taoiseach prime minister lit chief elected by the dáil and appointed by the president who appoints other government ministers the irish free state was created with dominion status in 1922 following the anglo irish treaty in 1937 a new constitution was adopted in which the state was named ireland and effectively became a republic with an elected non executive president it was officially declared a republic in 1949 following the republic of ireland act 1948 ireland became a member of the united nations in 1955 it joined the european communities ec the predecessor of the european union eu in 1973 the state had no formal relations with northern ireland for most of the 20th century but the 1980s and 1990s saw the british and irish governments working with northern irish parties to resolve the conflict that had become known as the troubles since the signing of the good friday agreement in 1998 the irish government and northern irish government have co operated on a number of policy areas under the north south ministerial council created by the agreement ireland is a developed country with a quality of life ranked sixth in the world by the 2024 human development index report adjusted for inequality 10 it also ranks highly in healthcare economic freedom and freedom of the press 11 12 according to the global peace index ireland was the second most peaceful country worldwide in 2024 13 it is a member of the eu and a founding member of the council of europe and the oecd the irish government has followed a policy of military neutrality through non alignment since before world war ii and the country is consequently not a member of nato 14 although it is a member of the partnership for peace and certain aspects of pesco ireland s economy is advanced 15 with one of europe s major financial hubs being centred on dublin it ranks among the top five wealthiest countries in the world in terms of both gdp and gni per capita 16 17 18 19 after joining the ec the country s government enacted a series of liberal economic policies that helped to boost economic growth between 1995 and 2007 a time now often referred to as the celtic tiger period a recession and reversal in growth then followed during the great recession which was exacerbated by the bursting of the irish property bubble 20 the great recession lasted until 2014 and was followed by a new period of strong economic growth 21 name main article names of the irish state the names ireland and éire both derive from old irish ériu which in turn comes from proto celtic ɸīweriyū meaning fertile soil the classical latin name for the island of ireland ivernia also comes from this same root 22 23 and it remains a popular poetic synonym for ireland to this day usually respelled hibernia under the influence of hibernum the latin word for winter the state created in 1922 comprising 26 of the 32 counties of ireland was styled and known as the irish free state saorstát éireann 24 the constitution of ireland adopted in 1937 says that the name of the state is éire or in the english language ireland section 2 of the republic of ireland act 1948 states it is hereby declared that the description of the state shall be the republic of ireland the 1948 act does not name the state republic of ireland because to have done so would have put it in conflict with the constitution 25 the government of the united kingdom used the name eire without the diacritic and from 1949 republic of ireland for the state 26 it was not until the 1998 good friday agreement when the state dropped its claim to northern ireland that it began calling the state ireland 27 28 the state is also informally called the republic southern ireland or the south 29 especially when distinguishing the state from the island or when discussing northern ireland the north irish republicans reserve the name ireland for the whole island 28 and often refer to the state as the free state the 26 counties 28 30 or the south of ireland 31 this is a response to the partitionist view that ireland stops at the border 32 history main article history of the republic of ireland for the history of the entire island see history of ireland home rule movement main article irish home rule movement charles stewart parnell 1846 1891 addressing a meeting the irish parliamentary party was formed in 1882 by parnell from the act of union on 1 january 1801 until 6 december 1922 the island of ireland was part of the united kingdom of great britain and ireland during the great famine from 1845 to 1849 the island s population of over 8 million fell by 30 one million irish died of starvation and disease and another 1 5 million emigrated mostly to the united states 33 this set the pattern of emigration for the century to come resulting in constant population decline up to the 1960s 34 35 36 from 1874 and particularly under charles stewart parnell from 1880 the irish parliamentary party gained prominence this was firstly through widespread agrarian agitation via the irish land league which won land reforms for tenants in the form of the irish land acts and secondly through its attempts to achieve home rule via two unsuccessful bills which would have granted ireland limited national autonomy these led to grass roots control of national affairs under the local government act 1898 that had been in the hands of landlord dominated grand juries of the protestant ascendancy home rule seemed certain when the parliament act 1911 abolished the veto of the house of lords and john redmond secured the third home rule act in 1914 however the unionist movement had been growing since 1886 among irish protestants after the introduction of the first home rule bill fearing discrimination and loss of economic and social privileges if irish catholics achieved real political power during the late 19th and early 20th centuries unionism was particularly strong in parts of ulster where industrialisation was more common in contrast to the more agrarian rest of the island and where the protestant population was more prominent with a majority in four counties 37 under the leadership of the dublin born sir edward carson of the irish unionist party and the ulsterman sir james craig of the ulster unionist party unionists became strongly militant forming ulster volunteers in order to oppose the coercion of ulster 38 after the home rule bill passed parliament in may 1914 to avoid rebellion with ulster the british prime minister h h asquith introduced an amending bill reluctantly conceded to by the irish party leadership this provided for the temporary exclusion of ulster from the workings of the bill for a trial period of six years with an as yet undecided new set of measures to be introduced for the area to be temporarily excluded revolution and steps to independence damage in dublin city centre following the 1916 easter rising though it received the royal assent and was placed on the statute books in 1914 the implementation of the third home rule act was suspended until after the first world war which defused the threat of civil war in ireland with the hope of ensuring the implementation of the act at the end of the war through ireland s engagement in the war redmond and the irish national volunteers supported the uk and its allies 175 000 men joined irish regiments of the 10th irish and 16th irish divisions of the new british army while unionists joined the 36th ulster divisions 39 the remainder of the irish volunteers who refused redmond and opposed any support of the uk launched an armed insurrection against british rule in the 1916 easter rising together with the irish citizen army and other militant irish nationalist groups this commenced on 24 april 1916 with the proclamation of the republic after a week of heavy fighting primarily in dublin the surviving rebels were forced to surrender their positions the majority were imprisoned with fifteen of the prisoners including most of the leaders and all of the proclamation signatories executed for taking part in armed rebellion and waging war against the british crown court martialed under the defence of the realm act this included patrick pearse the commander in chief of the irish rebel forces and james connolly socialist and founder of the industrial workers of the world union and both the irish and scottish labour movements the rising and the executions and arrests together with the conscription crisis of 1918 had the effect of changing public opinion in ireland against the british government 40 in january 1919 after the december 1918 general election 73 of ireland s 105 members of parliament mps elected were sinn féin members who were elected on a platform of abstentionism from the british house of commons in january 1919 they set up an irish parli...
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