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y american sign language asl cluster russian sign language cluster czech sign language cluster danish sign language family swedish sign language family german sign language family vietnamese sign languages some thai and lao sls arab sign language family indo pakistani sign language chinese sign language japanese sign language family banzsl family british australian and new zealand sign language south african sign language within the banzsl family isolated languages no data sign languages may be classified by how they arise in non signing communities home sign is not a full language but closer to a pidgin home sign is amorphous and generally idiosyncratic to a particular family where a deaf child does not have contact with other deaf children and is not educated in sign such systems are not generally passed on from one generation to the next where they are passed on creolization would be expected to occur resulting in a full language however home sign may also be closer to full language in communities where the hearing population has a gestural mode of language examples include various australian aboriginal sign languages and gestural systems across west africa such as mofu gudur in cameroon a village sign language is a local indigenous language that typically arises over several generations in a relatively insular community with a high incidence of deafness and is used both by the deaf and by a significant portion of the hearing community who have deaf family and friends 79 the most famous of these is probably the extinct martha s vineyard sign language of the u s but there are also numerous village languages scattered throughout africa asia and america deaf community sign languages on the other hand arise where deaf people come together to form their own communities 80 these include school sign such as nicaraguan sign language which develop in the student bodies of deaf schools which do not use sign as a language of instruction as well as community languages such as bamako sign language which arise where generally uneducated deaf people congregate in urban centers for employment at first deaf community sign languages are not generally known by the hearing population in many cases not even by close family members however they may grow in some cases becoming a language of instruction and receiving official recognition as in the case of asl both contrast with speech taboo languages such as the various aboriginal australian sign languages which are developed by the hearing community and only used secondarily by the deaf it is doubtful whether most of these are languages in their own right rather than manual codes of spoken languages though a few such as yolngu sign language are independent of any particular spoken language hearing people may also develop sign to communicate with users of other languages as in plains indian sign language this was a contact signing system or pidgin that was evidently not used by deaf people in the plains nations though it presumably influenced home sign language contact and creolization is common in the development of sign languages making clear family classifications difficult it is often unclear whether lexical similarity is due to borrowing or a common parent language or whether there was one or several parent languages such as several village languages merging into a deaf community language contact occurs between sign languages between sign and spoken languages contact sign a kind of pidgin and between sign languages and gestural systems used by the broader community for example adamorobe sign language a village sign language of ghana may be related to the gestural trade jargon used in the markets throughout west africa in vocabulary and areal features including prosody and phonetics 81 82 bsl auslan and nzsl are usually loosely considered to be part of the language group known as banzsl maritime sign language and south african sign language are also related to bsl 83 danish sign language and its descendants norwegian sign language and icelandic sign language are largely mutually intelligible with swedish sign language finnish sign language and portuguese sign language derive from swedish sl though with local admixture in the case of mutually unintelligible finnish sl clarification needed danish sl has french sl influence and wittmann 1991 places them in that family 82 though he proposes that swedish finnish and portuguese sl are instead related to british sign language swedish sign language family includes the following languages swedish sign language finnish sign language finland swedish sign language portuguese sign language eritrean sign language and the cape verdian sign language 84 85 86 87 although some reports also say that the são tomé and príncipe sign language is largely intelligible with portuguese sign 88 indian sign language isl is similar to pakistani sign language japanese sign language taiwanese sign language and korean sign language are thought to be members of a japanese sign language family 89 french sign language family there are a number of sign languages that emerged from french sign language lsf or are the result of language contact between local community sign languages and lsf these include french sign language italian sign language quebec sign language lsq american sign language irish sign language russian sign language dutch sign language ngt spanish sign language mexican sign language brazilian sign language libras catalan sign language ukrainian sign language austrian sign language along with its twin hungarian sign language and its offspring czech sign language and others a subset of this group includes languages that have been heavily influenced by american sign language asl or are regional varieties of asl bolivian sign language is sometimes considered a dialect of asl thai sign language is a mixed language derived from asl and the native sign languages of bangkok and chiang mai and may be considered part of the asl family others possibly influenced by asl include ugandan sign language kenyan sign language philippine sign language and malaysian sign language according to an sil report 90 the sign languages of russia moldova and ukraine share a high degree of lexical similarity and may be dialects of one language or distinct related languages the same report suggested a cluster of sign languages centered around czech sign language hungarian sign language and slovak sign language this group may also include romanian bulgarian and polish sign languages german sign language dgs gave rise to polish sign language it also at least strongly influenced israeli sign language though it is unclear whether the latter derives from dgs or from austrian sign language which is in the french family the southern dialect of chinese sign language gave rise to hong kong sign language used in hong kong and macau lyons sign language may be the source of flemish sign language vgt though this is unclear sign languages of jordan lebanon syria palestine and iraq and possibly saudi arabia may be part of a sprachbund or may be one dialect of a larger eastern arabic sign language known isolates include nicaraguan sign language turkish sign language armenian sign language kata kolok al sayyid bedouin sign language and providence island sign language the only comprehensive classification along these lines going beyond a simple listing of languages dates back to 1991 91 the classification is based on the 69 sign languages from the 1988 edition of ethnologue that were known at the time of the 1989 conference on sign languages in montreal and 11 more languages the author added after the conference 93 wittmann classification of sign languages primary language primary group auxiliary language auxiliary group prototype a 94 5 1 7 2 prototype r 95 18 1 1 bsl derived 8 dgs derived 1 or 2 jsl derived 2 lsf derived 30 lsg derived 1 in his classification the author distinguishes between primary and auxiliary sign languages 96 as well as between single languages and names that are thought to refer to more than one language 97 the prototype a class of languages includes all those sign languages that seemingly cannot be derived from any other language 94 prototype r languages are languages that are remotely modelled on a prototype a language in many cases thought to have been french sign language by a process kroeber 1940 called stimulus diffusion 95 the families of bsl dgs jsl lsf and possibly lsg were the products of creolization and relexification of prototype languages 98 creolization is seen as enriching overt morphology in sign languages as compared to reducing overt morphology in spoken languages 99 use of sign languages in hearing communities edit on occasion where the prevalence of deaf people is high enough a deaf sign language has been taken up by an entire local community forming what is sometimes called a village sign language 100 or shared signing community 101 typically this happens in small tightly integrated communities with a closed gene pool famous examples include martha s vineyard sign language united states al sayyid bedouin sign language israel kata kolok bali adamorobe sign language ghana yucatec maya sign language mexico in such communities deaf people are generally well integrated in the general community and not socially disadvantaged so much so that it is difficult to speak of a separate deaf community 102 many australian aboriginal sign languages arose in a context of extensive speech taboos such as during mourning and initiation rites they are or were especially highly developed among the warlpiri warumungu dieri kaytetye arrernte and warlmanpa and are based on their respective spoken languages a sign language arose among tribes of american indians in the great plains region of north america see plains indian sign language before european contact it was used by hearing people to communicate among tribes with different spoken languages as well as by deaf people there are especially users today among the crow cheyenne and arapaho sign language is also used as a form of alternative or augmentative communication by people who can hear but have difficulties using their voices to speak 103 increasingly hearing schools and universities are expressing interest in incorporating sign language in the u s enrollment for asl american sign language classes as part of students choice of second language is on the rise 104 in new zealand one year after the passing of nzsl act 2006 in parliament a nzsl curriculum was released for schools to take nzsl as an optional subject the curriculum and teaching materials were designed to target intermediate schools from years 7 to 10 nz herald 2007 language endangerment and extinction edit as with any spoken language sign languages are also vulnerable to becoming endangered 105 for example a sign language used by a small community may be endangered and even abandoned as users shift to a sign language used by a larger community as has happened with hawaiʻi sign language which is almost extinct except for a few elderly signers 106 107 even nationally recognised sign languages can be endangered for example new zealand sign language is losing users 108 methods are being developed to assess the language vitality of sign languages 109 endangered sign languages adamorobe sign language adasl 110 ban khor sign language bksl 110 benkala sign language kk 110 finland swedish sign language finssl 111 hawaiʻi sign language hpsl 110 inuit sign language iur 112 jamaican country sign language ks 113 maritime sign language msl 110 old bangkok sign language obsl 110 old chiangmai sign language ocsl 110 plains indian sign language pisl 110 providencia sign language psl 110 extinct sign languages angami naga sign language henniker sign language martha s vineyard sign language mvsl old french sign language vlsf old kentish sign language oksl pitta pitta sign language plateau sign language rennellese sign language rsl sandy river valley sign language warluwarra sign language in society edit deaf communities and deaf culture edit main article deaf culture when deaf people constitute a relatively small proportion of the general population deaf communities often develop that are distinct from the surrounding hearing community 102 these deaf communities are very widespread in the world associated especially with sign languages used in urban areas and throughout a nation and the cultures they have developed are very rich one example of sign language variation in the deaf community is black asl this sign language was developed in the black deaf community as a variant during the american era of segregation and racism where young black deaf students were forced to attend separate schools than their white deaf peers 114 legal recognition edit main article legal recognition of sign languages some sign languages have obtained some form of legal recognition while others have no status at all sarah batterbury has argued that sign languages should be recognized and supported not merely as an accommodation for those with disabilities but as the communication medium of language communities 115 legal requirements covering sign language accessibility in media vary from country to country in the united kingdom the broadcasting act 1996 addressed the requirements for blind and deaf viewers 116 but has since been replaced by the communications act 2003 interpretation edit main article language interpretation sign language a polish sign language interpreter at the przystanek woodstock in 2017 in order to facilitate communication between deaf and hearing people sign language interpreters are often used such activities involve considerable effort on the part of the interpreter since sign languages are distinct natural languages with their own syntax different from any spoken language the interpretation flow is normally between a sign language and a spoken language that are customarily used in the same country such as french sign language lsf and spoken french in france spanish sign language lse to spoken spanish in spain british sign language bsl and spoken english in the u k and american sign language asl and spoken english in the u s and most of anglophone canada since bsl and asl are distinct sign languages both used in english speaking countries etc sign language interpreters who can translate between signed and spoken languages that are not normally paired such as between lse and english are also available albeit less frequently video about access to cultural institutions in mexico with mexican sign language interpretation and captions in spanish sign language is sometimes provided for television programmes that include speech the signer usually appears in the bottom corner of the screen with the programme being broadcast full size or slightly shrunk away from that corner typically for press conferences such as those given by the mayor of new york city the signer appears to stage le...
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